11. self report

Question 1

self-report

Answer 1

obtains data by asking ppt to provide information about themselves and their behaviour. (questionnaires, psychometric tests, interviews)

Question 2

questionnaires!!!

Answer 2

involves the use of written questions to gather data.

Question 3

what are the different questionnaire techniques?

Answer 3

paper/pencil
online
postal

Question 4

PROS of questionnaire

Answer 4

PROS:
- may encourage truthfulness, as responses aren’t given face2face
- lower social desirability bias
- quick and easy

Question 5

CONS of questionnaire

Answer 5

CONS:
- ppt may elaborate less on open questions compared to interviews
- limits depth of data collected
- social desirability bias may still affect answers
- easy to ignore

Question 6

(questionnaire technique) paper/pencil PROS AND CONS

Answer 6

paper/pencil:
-most convenient for on the spot research
but
- cost & time to print
-ppt needs to be there physically

Question 7

(questionnaire technique) online PROS AND CONS

Answer 7

online:
- can reach more ppt
- quick and cheap
- automatic input
but
- needs internet to be able to use the tech

Question 8

(questionnaire technique) postal PROS AND CONS

Answer 8

postal:
- can post internationally
- kind of quick and easy
but
- cost & time to print
-ppt needs to be there physically

Question 9

4 types of questions/question formats

Answer 9

closed questions
open questions
Likert scales
rating scales
forced/fixed choice

Question 10

closed questions

Answer 10

only have a few, stated alternative responses and no opportunity to expand on answers
- may not provide enough options

dichotomous questions, eg. do you like cheese? yes/no OR eg. pick the dessert you like the most - tiramisu, cake, ice cream, pancakes

Question 11

closed questions produce what data?

Answer 11

produces QUANTITATIVE data

Question 12

Likert scales

Answer 12

closed question where ppt respond with their level of agreement with a statement along with a predetermined scale

eg. I am often excited during psychology lessons!
O agree
O neutral
O disagree

Question 13

rating scales

Answer 13

closed question where ppt give their answer in the form of a number along with a predetermined scale

eg. on a scale of 1 to 5 (1=most likely), how likely are you to go to the part on a weekend?
1 2 3 4 5

Question 14

forced/fixed choice

Answer 14

closed question where the scale doesn’t give a “neutral” or “I don’t know” option

eg. i often think how much I would like to buy my psychology teacher a lovely gift
Agree Disagree

intended/forces people to give their answer

Question 15

open questions

Answer 15

questions that allow the ppt to give full, detailed answers in their own words

eg. tell me about your mother

tend to start with “why” or “tell me” or “how”

Question 16

open questions produce what data?

Answer 16

produces QUALITATIVE data
- data is rich in retail and lowers
the risk of missing important
behaviours

Question 17

open questions PROS AND CONS

Answer 17

open:
- ppt response is not limited
- prompts in-depth, qualitative, detailed, rich answers/data
- deeper insight into behaviours, opinions and attitured
but
- hard to analyse statistically
- may have low inter-rater reliability as researchers interpret things differently

Question 18

closed questions PROS AND CONS

Answer 18

closed:
- quick to answer
- forced choice = more answers
- easy to analyse and present data
but
- ppt views may not fit the answer available
- may not explain behaviours fully
- can lower validity of results

Question 19

leading questions

Answer 19

may cause ppt to answer in a way in which is not reflective of their real pov (can occur in questionnaires and interviews)

eg. in general, how healthy are you?

a double blind technique could be used

can be identified and adapted with a pilot study

Question 20

psychometric tests!!!

Answer 20

carefully designed, standardised, valid, and reliable tests of specific characteristics
- personality traits, skills,
knowledge, disordered thinking,
etc

eg. IQ tests, anxiety disorders interview schedule (ADIS)

Question 21

PROS AND CONS of psychometric tests

Answer 21

PROS:
- objective
- quantitative
- quick
- cost-effective

CONS:
- risk of demand characteristics or stress when completing

Question 22

interviews!!!

Answer 22

a RM that involves the use of verbal questions asked directly to gather data

usually fewer ppt than questionnaires

may be recorded to transcribe exact responses

Question 23

what are the different formats of interviews?

Answer 23

structured
semi-structured
unstructured

Question 24

what are the different interview techniques?

Answer 24

face2face
telephone

Question 25

PROS AND CONS of interviews

Answer 25

PROS:
- offers rich, in-depth data
- less structured interviews are less constrained
- can investigate
- telephone interviews are cost effective
- may encourage disclosure about
sensitive topics

CONS:
- smaller sample size
- more time consuming for ppt and researcher, especially face2face
- cannot see non verbal behaviour (telephone interview)

Question 26

structured interviews and PROS AND CONS

Answer 26

predetermined fixed list of questions which all ppt are asked

interviewers posture, voice, etc, may be standardised

PROS:
- easier to compare answers
- more reliable and replicable
CONS:
- may miss important answers
- irrelevant questions

Question 27

semi-structured interviews and PROS AND CONS

Answer 27

number of key questions to GUIDE the interview

interviewer can change order of questions or remove questions or add follow-ups to clarify responses

PROS:
- answers more likely to be fully investigated
CONS:
- less replicable
- harder to compare answers
- risk of researcher bias

Question 28

unstructured interviews and PROS AND CONS

Answer 28

predetermined TOPIC that needs to be discussed

may have initial question, but each subsequent question is based on responses given by the ppt

PROS:
- answers more likely to be fully investigated
CONS:
- less replicable
- harder to compare answers
- risk of researcher bias