Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anesthesiology > 11. Regional Anesthesia and Epidurals > Flashcards

11. Regional Anesthesia and Epidurals Flashcards

1
Q

what stage of the pain pathway does regional anesthesia block?

A

transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why use regional anesthesia?

A

reduces amount of drugs needed and thus their side effects post before and after anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

topical or surface anesthesia?

A
  1. larynx to avoid spasm during intubation
  2. splash block (open wound, or before closing)
  3. corneal (for eye exam, proparacaine, don’t use regular lidocaine, its acid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

EMLA cream

A
  • type of topical anesthetic for venipucture or small mass removal
  • long onset of action, and only lasts 30 minutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Line block

A
  • local anesthetic over incision line, some surgeons don’t like the swelling it causes
  • desensitizes linea alba
  • used for c-sections to avoid opiods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

local infiltration

A

infection of local anesthetic into or around planned surgical field, NOT A SPECIFIC NERVE

  • line block
  • intratesticular block for castration
  • ring block (extremity, tail, dehorning) HUGE volume of anesthetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epidural anesthesia target?

A

spinal nerves before exiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

limits of the epidural space?

vs. spinal anesthesia?

A
  • **interarcuate ligament and dura mater

vs. spinal anesthesia is in subarachnoid space (in CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lumbo sacral space used in small animals why?

A

spinal cord ends before then, no risk of hitting it, only would hit dural sac (end of subarachnoid space, its small, but possible to hit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

landmarks for epidural?

A
  1. iliac crest
  2. medial sacral crest (spinal process of sacrum)
  3. spinous process of L7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

You don’t feel most of the structures the epidural needle pierces (supraspinous ligament,interspinous ligament) but you can feel piercing the _______

A

interarcuate ligament (the roof of the epidural space)

some say ‘2 pops’ = interspinous and interarcuate ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tuohy needle is curved to ?

A

push the dura down instead of piercing it, can feel each tissue as you pierce it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hanging drop technique

A

advance needle until percieved interarcuate ligament. fill hub of needle with saline. when needle enters epidural space the drop should be* aspirated!! Can be a false negative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Loss of resistance technique

A
  • advance needle, attach syringe, apply pressure to plunger and advance needle thru interarcuate ligament.
  • RESISTANCE DROPS suddenly in epidural space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

drugs in epidural?

A
  1. local anesthetic
    - low concentration bupivicaine can cause sensory block without motor blockade
  2. opioids
    - morphine, fentanyl
    - analgesia without motor blockade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What amount of animal is desensitized?

A

depends on volume being injected into epidural space. more volume -> higher up towards thorax (all the way up could cause respiratory paralysis)

17
Q

advantage of peripheral nerve block?

A

small amount of anesthetic will block a huge area.

18
Q

inject anesthetic into the nerve?

A

NOOO will cause irreparable nerve damage

19
Q

techniques for peripheral nerve blocks?

A
  1. blind
  2. nerve stimulation (using insulated needle, based on muscular response) only works for SENSORY AND MOTOR nerves
  3. ultrasound guidance
20
Q

current needed to cause muscle response?

A

0.3-0.5 mA

lower than 0.3 may mean needle is IN THE NERVE

21
Q

positive electrode is connected to the ___

A

skin of the patient

22
Q

only the _____ conducts electricity

A

tip of the needle

23
Q

when injecting anesthetic, what is special about the syringe

A

want some air in the syringe with the anesthetic. Watching the air bubble deform during injection can mean the needle is in the wrong position.

24
Q

gold standard of peripheral blocks

A

ultrasound guidance, can watch anesthetic being injected around the nerve.
can be combined with stimulation

25
Q

____ frequency transducer for ultrasound guided block

A

high, better detail

26
Q

infraorbital nerve block used for?

cautions?

A

for rhinoscopy, extracting incisor/canine, nasal surgery

  • inject outside foramen, can be intra or extra-orally
  • be careful of infraorbital artery and piercing eye in cats
27
Q

maxillary nerve block
technique?
used for

A
  • thru infraorbital canal, thread IV catheter in canal then inject
  • dental procedures
28
Q

inferior alveolar/mandibular block

vs. mental block

A
  • entire lower jaw
  • palpade mandibular foramen or do extraoral by palpating foramen with finger

just lower incisors

29
Q

complication with bilateral inferior alveolar block

A

spread and block lingual -> self mutilation

30
Q

intercostal block
anatomy?
technique?
use?

A
  • nerve on caudal margin of rib
  • blind, touch rib, then pull back more caudally, aspirate
  • if incising at 4th space block that rib and 2 in front and behind.
31
Q

Can you do a subarachnoid injection (spinal injection/ into CSF) at the lumbosacral space?

A

yes so be careful, especially in young animals

32
Q

Difference between spinal (subarachnoid) vs. epidural

A
  • ## spinal injection is faster, needs less volume, very dense homogenous bilateral block, stays in CSF doesn’t last as long
33
Q

most common tissue in epidural space?

so?

A

fat

effect is not as predictable, homogenous, ‘patchy’

34
Q

only in the lumbosacral space?

A

nah, can do in thoracic area to block thoracic limb nerve roots (using nerve stimulation) But be careful of the brainstem

35
Q

drugs for local anesthetics

A
  • bupivicaine - .5-1 mg/kg 1-2 hours of surgery, 4-6 of analgesia
  • ropivacaine - less toxic, same duration, some vasoconstrictive effect
  • lidocaine - short acting .5-1hr
36
Q

how to know the local anesthetic epidural has spread

A
  1. sympathetic trunk -> relaxation of respiratory muscles.
  2. bradycardia

if it hits the respiratory center that really bad

37
Q

higher concentration anesthetic of epidural

A

better block, longer lasting, faster onset

38
Q

ideal drug for epidural space?

why?

A

**morphine

low liposolubility!!!!

39
Q

drugs used in epidurals?

A
  1. opioids
  2. Alpha 2s (good analgesia, some local anesthetic effect, bradycardia)
  3. Ketamine (short analgesia, can prolong local anesthetics, not useful alone)
  4. vasoconstrictors/epinephrine (may prolong duration of action, more effective with lidocaine/drugs causing severe vasodilation)

Anesthesiology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions