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Chemistry > 11 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

11 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Homologous series? [2]

A

families of similar compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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2
Q

What are alkanes? [2]

A

saturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single covalent bonds

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3
Q

What are properties of alkanes? [3]

A
  • boiling point increases with chain length
  • shorter chains evaporate more easily
  • shorter alkanes are more flammable - easier to burn
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4
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane? [1]

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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5
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene? [1]

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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6
Q

What are the prefixes for the words? [10]

A
  • meth
  • eth
  • prop
  • but
  • pent
  • hex
  • hept
  • oct
  • non
  • dec
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7
Q

What is the family name for an alkane? [1]

A

‘ane’

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8
Q

What is the family name for an alkene? [1]

A

‘ene’

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9
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated? [1]

A

because they contain a carbon double bond

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10
Q

What are alkenes? [2]

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one double covalent bond

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11
Q

How are alkenes produced? [1]

A

cracking

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12
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol? [1]

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

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13
Q

What is the family name for an alcohol? [1]

A

‘ol’

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14
Q

What is the bonding like in an alcohol? [1]

A

C - OH

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15
Q

What is the bonding like in an alkene? [1]

A

C = C

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16
Q

What is the bonding like in an alkane? [1]

A

H
H - C - H
H

(single covalent bonds)

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17
Q

How can ethanol be formed? [2]

A
  • fermentation
  • reaction between ethene and steam
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18
Q

What is formed when an alkene is reacted with water? [1]

A

alcohol

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19
Q

What is formed when an alkene reacts with hydrogen gas? [1]

A

alkane

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20
Q

What is formed when an alkene is reacted with bromine? [1]

A

dibromoalkane

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21
Q

What is made when ethene reacts with hydrogen gas? [1]

A

ethane

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22
Q

What is made when ethene reacts with water? [1]

A

ethanol

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23
Q

What is the test for an unsaturated compound? [1]

A
  • mix compound with bromine water
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24
Q

What is a positive result for testing for an unsaturated compound? [2]

A
  • alkene: it decolourises the bromine water (from brown - colourless)
  • alkane: no reaction and colour stays the same
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25
Q

What is a saturated compound? [1]

A

it only has single bonds

26
Q

What is a hydrocarbon? [2]

A

an organic compound which only contains hydrogen and carbon

27
Q

What is the formula for complete combustion? [2]

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

28
Q

What type of reaction is combustion and why? [2]

A
  • exothermic
  • it releases loads of energy in the process
29
Q

What is complete combustion? [1]

A

excess oxygen forms CO₂ + H₂O

30
Q

What is incomplete combustion? [1]

A

limited oxygen forms CO + H₂O

31
Q

What is crude oil and where do we get it from? [3]

A
  • fossil fuel
  • we get it from deep under the ground
  • mixture of lots of different compounds
32
Q

Most of crude oil’s compounds are what? [1]

A

hydrocarbons

33
Q

What does fractional distillation do? [3]

A
  • separates all the different hydrocarbons from crude oil
  • separates them into useful fractions
  • heats up the crude oil
34
Q

What are the stages of the fractional distillation compounds from cool to hot? [5]

A
  • refinery gas
  • gasoline fraction
  • naptha
  • diesel oil
  • bitumen
35
Q

What is refinery gas used for? [1]

A

bottled gas for heating and cooking

36
Q

What is gasoline fraction used for? [1]

A

for petrol in cars

37
Q

What is naptha used for? [1]

A

feedstock for making chemicals

38
Q

What is diesel oil used for? [1]

A

fueld in diesel engines

39
Q

What is bitumen used for? [1]

A

road surfaces

40
Q

What is the other name for crude oil? [1]

A

petroleum

41
Q

What is the main constituent of natural gas? [1]

A

methane

42
Q

What are the uses of ethanol? [2]

A
  • as a solvent
  • as a fuel
43
Q

What type of reaction is cracking and what does it mean? [2]

A
  • thermal decomposition reaction
  • breaking down molecules by heating them
44
Q

What is the formula for cracking? [1]

A

long chain alkane –> shorter alkane + alkene

45
Q

What are properties of alkenes? [2]

A
  • more reactive than alkanes
  • they can be added together to make polymers
46
Q

Why can alkenes be added to make polymers? [1]

A

their double bond can break to form two or more bonds

47
Q

What are properties of alcohols? [3]

A
  • flammable
  • soluble
  • can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
48
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid? [1]

A

-COOH

49
Q

What happens when cracking happens? [2]

A
  • larger alkane molecules are cracked
  • smaller alkanes and alkenes are produced
50
Q

What conditions are needed for cracking to happen? [2]

A
  • suitable catalysts needed
  • high temperature needed
51
Q

What are some fossil fuels that produce carbon dioxide on combustion? [3]

A
  • coal
  • natural gas
  • petroleum
52
Q

What are polymers? [2]

A

long chain molecules formed from small units called monomers

53
Q

What is the bond like for an amide? [1]

A

O = C - N - H

54
Q

What is the bond like for an ester? [1]

A

O - C = O

55
Q

What does acid + alcohol make? [1]

A

ester

56
Q

What does acid + amine make? [1]

A

amide

57
Q

What is a synthentic polymer? [1]

A

made in the lab (artificially made)

58
Q

If there’s only one product, what type of reaction is it? [1]

A

addition

59
Q

What is produced from a condensation reaction? [2]

A
  • water
  • product
60
Q

What is the difference between an addition reaction and a condensation reaction? [4]

A
  • addition reactions are formed from 1 monomer which has a double bond
  • condensation reactions are formed from 2 different monomers
  • addition reactions form no byproducts
  • condensation reactions form water as a byproduct

Chemistry (11 decks)

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