11. Introduction to organic chemistry

Question 1

What is a general formula?

Answer 1

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

Question 2

What is a structural formula?

Answer 2

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Question 3

What is a displayed formula?

Answer 3

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.

Question 4

What is a skeletal formula?

Answer 4

The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

Question 5

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 5

A molecule that is made of hydrogen and carbon only.

Question 6

What is a homologous series?

Answer 6

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group but with each successive (連續的) member differing by CH2.

Question 7

What is a functional group?

Answer 7

An atom that is responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.

Question 8

What does aliphatic mean?

Answer 8

A chain of carbon atoms

Question 9

What may an aliphatic contain?

Answer 9

1. a straight chain of carbon atoms
2. a branched chain of carbon atoms
3. alicyclic
4. aromatic

Question 10

What does alicyclic mean?

Answer 10

A ring of carbon atoms

Question 11

What does aromatic mean?

Answer 11

Anything that contains benzene

Question 12

What does saturated mean?

Answer 12

Only contains single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 13

What does unsaturated mean?

Answer 13

Contains at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond

Question 14

What is the formula of alkyl?

Answer 14

CnH2n+1

Question 15

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 15

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Question 16

What are the examples of structural isomers?

Answer 16

1. positional isomerism
2. functional group isomerism
3. chain isomerism

Question 17

What are the 2 types of covalent bond fission?

Answer 17

1. homolytic fission
2. heterolytic fission

Question 18

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 18

The evenly breaking of a covalent bond which each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.

Question 19

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 19

The breaking of a covalent bond which one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair, forming a positive ion and a negative ion.

Question 20

What are the types of reactions?

Answer 20

1. substitution
2. addition
3. elimation

Question 21

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 21

An atom/group of atoms on the molecule is swapped with a different atom.

Question 22

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 22

Adding an atom into the original molecule.

Question 23

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 23

Removing an atom from the original molecule.

Question 24

What are the types of reagants?

Answer 24

1. electrophile
2. nucleophile
3. free radicals

Question 25

What is an electrophile?

Answer 25

An electron pair acceptor / a species that is often positively charged and seeks out negatively charged area.

Question 26

What is a nucleophile?

Answer 26

An electron pair donor / a species that is often negatively charged and seeks out positively charged area.

Question 27

What are free radicals?

Answer 27

A species with an unpaired electron

Question 28

What is an intermolecular force?

Answer 28

A weak force of attraction between molecules (之間)

Question 29

What is an example of intermolecular forces?

Answer 29

London forces

Question 30

What is an intramolecular force?

Answer 30

Force of attraction within molecules (之内)

Question 31

What is a polar molecule?

Answer 31

Molecule that has both positive and negative ends.

Question 32

What is a non-polar molecule?

Answer 32

Molecule that only has positive/negative ends.