11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a general formula?

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

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2
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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3
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.

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4
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A molecule that is made of hydrogen and carbon only.

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6
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group but with each successive (連續的) member differing by CH2.

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7
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom that is responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.

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8
Q

What does aliphatic mean?

A

A chain of carbon atoms.

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9
Q

What may an aliphatic contain?

A
  1. a straight chain of carbon atoms
  2. a branched chain of carbon atoms
  3. alicyclic
  4. aromatic
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10
Q

What does alicyclic mean?

A

A ring of carbon atoms.

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11
Q

What does aromatic mean?

A

Anything that contains benzene.

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12
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Only contains single carbon-carbon bonds

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13
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

Contains at least one multiple carbon-carbon bond

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14
Q

What is the formula of alkyl?

A

CnH2n+1

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15
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

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16
Q

What are the examples of structural isomer?

A
  1. positional isomerism
  2. functional group isomerism
  3. chain isomerism
17
Q

What are the 2 types of covalent bond fission?

A
  1. homolytic fission
  2. heterolytic fission
18
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond which each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.

19
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond which one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair, forming a positive ion and a negative ion.

20
Q

What are the types of reactions?

A
  1. substitution
  2. addition
  3. elimation
21
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

An atom/group of atoms on the molecule is swapped with a different atom.

22
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Adding an atom into the original molecule.

23
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

Removing an atom from the original molecule.

24
Q

What are the types of reagants?

A
  1. electrophile
  2. nucleophile
  3. free radicals
25
Q

What does electrophile mean?

A

An electron pair acceptor / a species that is often positively charged and seeks out negatively charged area.

26
Q

What does nucleophile mean?

A

An electron pair donor / a species that is often negatively charged and seeks out positively charged area.

27
Q

What are free radicals?

A

A species with an unpaired electron

28
Q

What is an intermolecular force?

A

Forces of attraction between molecules (之間)

29
Q

What is an example of intermolecular forces?

A

London forces

30
Q

What is an intramolecular force?

A

Forces of attraction within molecules (之内)

31
Q

What does polar mean?

A

Molecules that have both positive and negative ends.

32
Q

What does non-polar mean?

A

Molecules that only have positive/negative ends.