11) Hemolytic anemia—membrane & enzyme disorders Flashcards
hemolytic anemia
the lifespan of the RBC is shortened
whether anemia is apparent during a hemolytic state depends on…
whether the BM is compensating
types of hemolytic anemias
- intracorpuscular (intrinsic) defects—RBCs are the problem
- extracorpuscular (extrinsic) defects—external cause for lysis
- intravascular
- extravascular
general approach to dx of hemolytic anemias
- establish ↑ RBC destruction
- establish ↑ RBC production
- establish cause of hemolysis
4 markers of RBC destruction
- ↑ serum unconjugated bilirubin (reflects hgb catabolism)
- ↓ haptoglobin (very sensitive but affected by other things)
- hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, or hemosiderinuria (IV hemolysis)
- RBC survival studies
radioactive label used in RBC survival studies
chromium
RBC survival studies are helpful in detecting…
mild hemolytic anemia in which other signs of hemolysis are absent
retics are always —- in a hemolytic state
↑
more accurate than retic count alone, because it takes into account pt’s hct and “shift retics”
retic production index
RPI > —— indicates hemolysis or acute hemorrhage
3
RPI calculation
RPI = (% retics)(Hct/45)/maturation time
first 2 things we do to investigate cause of hemolysis
DAT to eliminate immune cause
PB smear to look for schistocytes, spherocytes
3 hereditary defects of the RBC membrane
- hereditary spherocytosis
- hereditary ovalocytosis
- paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
RBC’s ability to deform depends on 3 factors:
- membrane structure
- surface:volume ratio
- cytoplasmic vicsosity
affects 1/2000 northern Europeans
hereditary spherocytosis
vertical interactions between skeleton and lipid bilayer
deficiency of spectrin and ankyrin
hereditary spherocytosis
RBCs have Na+ permeability 10x greater than normal, so pumps have to work harder
hereditary spherocytes
complication of hereditary spherocytosis
aplastic crisis with parvovirus B19
prevents significant hemolysis in HS patients
splenectomy
hereditary spherocytosis lab findings
- retics >8
- MCHC >36
- spherocytes, polychromasia
osmotic fragility test measures…
RBC’s resistance to hemolysis by osmotic stress (using solutions with gradually ↓ concentrations of NaCl)
HS patients’ cells lyse at —— concentrations of saline than normal control RBCs
higher
key lab finding for hereditary spherocytosis
↑ osmotic fragility
limitations of osmotic fragility
- not abnormal until at least 1-2% of RBCs are spherocytes
- mild cases may need incubation overnight at 37°
SDS-PAGE can be used to…
determine which membrane protein is deficient
incidence is 1:4000 worldwide
hereditary ovalocytosis
3 phenotypes of HO/HE
- common HE
- spherocytic HE
- stomatocytic HE (southeast asian)
principle defect involves horizontal interactions in membrane
spectrin, band 4.1, or integral protein defects
hereditary ovalocytosis
—-% of patient with HE show no signs of anemia because ovalocytes have a normal lifespan and BM can compensate for mild anemia
90
most severe form of hereditary ovalocytosis
hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP) subtype
HPP involves 2 ——- defects, one from each parent
spectrin
RBC membrane fragments when heated to 45° for 15 min (usually happens at 49°)
HPP
HPP on PB
- striking, bizarre micropoik
- RBC budding
- fragments
- microspherocytes
- few ovalocytes
by 1-2 years of age, —————- morphology changes to look like mild HE
poikilocytosis of infancy
phenotypic hybrid of hereditary spherocytosis and ovalocytosis
spherocytic HE
spherocytic and stomatocytic HE may be treated with…
splenectomy
protective against malaria and common in Melanesian pop
stomatocytic HE
oval cells with multiple bands across middle
stomatocytic HE
expression of RBC antigens is muted
stomatocytic HE
hemolytic HE on PB
- > 25% ovalocytes, usually >60%
- retic as high as 20%
- bizarre poik
- schistocytes
- spherocytes
- budding RBCs
explain PNH
- acquired membrane disorder caused by stem cell mutation
- mutation in PIGA gene
- ↓ glycolipid GPI (anchors complement regulators DAF and MIRL, or CD55 and CD59)
- ↑ susceptibility to complement lysis
- oftens happens in acidic kidney environment at night
clinical manifestations of PNH
- hyperhemolysis —intermittent, acute episodes of IV hemolysis (dark urine in mornings)
- venous thrombosis — abnormal plt function
- infection —↓ granulocytes or abnormal function
- bone marrow hypoplasia
in PNH, ———- is due to chronic IV hemolysis, and ———— is due to acute IV hemolysis
hemosiderinuria
hemoglobinuria
screening test for PNH largely replaced by flow cytometry now
sucrose hemolysis test
sucrose solution promotes C binding and lysis
confirmatory test for PNH
immunophenotyping (flow)
shows lack of GPI anchored molecules (CD55 and CD59)
3 types of PNH based on…
amount of GPI expressed
I, II, and III
III = no GPI at all
2 disorders of membrane cation permeability
- overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (OHS)
- dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHS)
RBCs are swollen (↑ net cation)
OHS
RBCs are dehydrated (↓ net cation)
DHS
AKA heredtiary xerocytosis
DHS
disorder of cation permeability related to Na permeability
OHS
disorder of cation permeability related to K permeability
DHS
burr cells with small projections, almost like acanthocytes
DHS
OHS on PB
- stomatocytes
- macrocytes
DHS on PB
- target cells
- burr cells
- RBCs with Hgb concentrated on one side
- few stomatocytes
MCHC and osmotic fragility of OHS and DHS
- OHS: ↓ MCHC, ↑ fragility
- DHS: ↑ MCHC, ↓ fragility
tx of disorders of cation permeability
usually not necessary
hereditary enzyme deficiencies causing hemolytic anemia
- G6PD deficiency
- PK deficiency
- MR deficiency
RBC enzyme deficiency is suspected when…
- hemolysis is apparent
- DAT=
- no evidence of membrane or hgb disorder
ID’d in African American soldiers given primaquine in Korean war
G6PD deficiency
G6PD deficiency inheritance
X-linked recessive
G6PD is necessary for maintaining —— in reduced state (HMS)
GSH
can trigger hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients
- antimalarial drugs
- fava beans (favism)
- moth balls
- TNT
G6PD activity is increased in ———-, meaning…
retics
high retic count may make levels seem falsely normal
G6PD deficiency tx
usually not indicated, except supportive during episodes
G6PD deficiency on PB
- normo/normo
- ↑ retics
- bite cells (removal of heinz bodies)
- spherocytes
- blister cells (RBC membrane oxidation)
result of RBC membrane oxidation
blister cells
4 tests specific for G6PD deficiency
- Heinz body test
- ascorbate-cyanide test
- fluorescent spot test
- quantitative reduction test
explain fluorescent spot test
- NADPH fluoresces
- if G6PD is absent, it will not convert G6P to NADH—no fluorescence
- if PK is absent, fluorescence persists for close to an hour
when should G6PD activity not be measured?
during acute hemolytic episodes
deficient cells are sequestered and retics released have increased activity
falsely normal results
PK deficiency results in…
a rigid, poorly deformable cell that is prematurely destroyed
increased 2,3-DPG
less susceptible to feeling effects of anemia
PK deficiency
PK deficiency on PB
- normo/normo
- ↑ retics
- nRBCs
- polychromasia
- poik
cyanosis
generally benign condition
MR deficiency
must distinguish MR deficiency from…
- Hgb M disease (more susceptible to oxidize)
- Acute reaction to various drugs
Distinguish via mHgb level, enzyme activity, Hgb electrophoresis.