11-248 Ch 9 Flashcards
Purpose of formation
Mutual Support
Number 1’s responsibilities
Clear, Plan, Monitor 2 (Navigation and Communication)
If 1 loses sight of 2 what should 1 say
“C/S posit” and 2 will report position relative to 1
Difference between telling 2 to “go” or “push” to a channel, what about Aux Freq change
“go” 2 must acknowledge with “2” and push 2 can go to the channel an wait for check-in, Lead will add Victor to call “C/S go channel 11 Victor”
Number 2’s responsibilities
Don't Hit 1 Keep 1 in sight Be in position/ freq "be there" Clear backup 1 at anytime
A situation when 2 can make a radio call to 1 regarding fuel
if overflying joker/ bingo unless on recovery
When can 2 say “same” for ops check
within 50lbs of fuel and 0.5 G’s
BD check position
performed in route (2 ship widths) and 2 check 1’s A/C for problems. Thumbs up for all good or use radio to describe problems
If time and fuel are critical how can a BD check be completed?
If there are two pilots in A/C the PNF can inspect 2 during BD check
KIO objective
cease maneuvering for safety issue, dines’t mean breakout just remain predictable and reset
When a KIO is initiated the A/C that called KIO should do what after both A/C have acknowledged KIO
state reason for KIO (i.e. airspeed, Area….)
At the KIO call 1 does what
clears flight path
cease maneuvering
acknowledge
obtain visual before resuming
KIO (WOLD BE SMART)
Wx mins enroute or area Overfly Bingo Unplanned/Unbriefed situation Dangerous Situation Boundary of Area Exceed A/C limits Sa is lost Mins Cloud separation Altitude Mins Range/Radar out Told
Terminate Objective
to cease maneuvering once training objective met or if 2 is out of position, not a safety issue
Lost wingman Wings Lvl/ Climb/ Descent
Lost wingman turns away 15 degrees of bank for 15 secs, then resumes heading and obtains separate clearance
Lost Wingman Outside Turn
LW will reverse turn using 15 DOB for 15 sec and informs 1, aft 15 sec LW will roll out Straight ahead and obtain separate clearance
Lost Wingman Inside turn
LW will tell 1 to rollout and reduces power momentarily to create separation, 1 can resume turn once separation is made, 2 will obtain separate clearance
Final Approach Lost wingman
LW will make a small bid away from last known position and climb to FAF/ Glide slope intercept altitude. inform 1 and obtain separate clearance
Missed Approach Lost wingman
LW will make a small bid away from last know position of 1 and perform Missed Approach but add 500’, tell 1 and obtain separate clearance
Formation Breakout (HITS)
Hazard to flight
In front of lead (3/9)
Told to
Sa is lost
Who is responsible to separation in a Breakout
Whom ever initiates the Breakout is responsible
Blind situations
Blind A/C will call Blind with altitude and heading, visual member can direct blind A/C onto them
Double Blind situations
1 must ensure 1000’ altitude separation until visual (both will use TAS and Sqwk to aid in rejoin)
Lead Changes
Can be directed from Fingertip or Route, but if in Fingertip 2 will move to route. 2 will become 1 passing the 3/9 line (canopy bows aligned) and give headnod. New 1 will turn on TAS/Swqk and check inflight on AUX. Formation will rejoin to position lead change was initiated
Min Altitude for lead change
500’ AGL
2 cannot be where when initiating a lead change
further back than Fingertip/ Route position and more than 30 degrees from LAB, must be in safe position
Heading Crossing Angle HCA
angle difference between the longitudinal axis of two A/C
Aspect Angle AA
degrees off from tail of reference A/C, in multiples of 10
Closure
Overtake caused by Airspeed/ angle and can be positive or negative
Line of sight LOS
Movement relative to the Pilot flying
Plane of motion
A/C flight path
Fingertip
used to simulate IMC, airfield arrival, departure, flyover, aerial demos
Fingertip Postion
30 Degrees aft of 3/9 line (6 AA)
10’ wingtip separation
Fingertip references
Vertical stack: exhaust stack on wing
Fore/Aft: exhaust stack between light and pitot tube
Lateral: aligned with leading edge of horizontal stab
Visual for Fingertip
Shallow wing rock
Route formation objective
allows more clearing, 2 to relax, perform checks
Route Spacing
2 ship widths to a max of 500’
behind LAB and no further bank than 30 degrees extended fingertip line
Turns in route
2 should maneuver to always keep visual on 1
turns are echelon style
Crossunder
Change sides
min of nose-tail clearance
Echelon Turn
visual signal required in fingertip
1 should be stable 180 lvl turn 60 bank and 2 G’s
2 will have to lead roll 1 and add some power being outside turn to maintain position
Rejoins parameters
1 will fly 180 knots (tell 2 if more than 10 knots different) around 50% in Low Area
2 will have 20-30 knots overtake, and acquire angles/ visuals
Overshoots
excess energy during rejoins
if seen early and corrected rejoin will be fine, but use idle/speed brake and pass under 1’s low 6 with at least 2 ship lengths
Fighting Wing
Cone: 30-45 degree
distance: 500-1000’ aft
Engine start
use visuals (2 will give 1 thumbs up and 1 will give sunup signal)
Before taxi
After getting ATIS and before check give each other a thumbs, then check in on AUX and PRIME
Overspeed/ Before Takeoff/ Bullseye check
Perform Overspeed and B4 T/O automatically and give each other a thumbs up for good to go, 2 will turn on lights. Do bullseye check (“ C/S Bullseye Check, 1, Radial/ DME”)
Wing Takeoff requirements
500’ and 1.5 SM vis or circling mins whichever is higher
RWY 150’ wide
winds less than 15 knots X-wind
Min power more than 85% for Takeoff
Wing Takeoff
place 2 upwind if more than 5 knots of wind
each take center of their half of RWY
2 use fingertip line with 20’ separation
1 will set 85-95% power
Interval Takeoff requirements
1500’ and 3 SM vis
75’ RWY
Interval Takeoff
Similar to wingtip till after runup, 1 will perform max t/o and 2 will wait 6 sec and do the same
once clear of pattern 1 will fly 160 and use 85-95% to allow 2 a power advantage
Instrument Trail takeoff
must have 30 sec delay between 1 and 2
2 will announce airborne on AUX
use max, 160, 30 DOB
till rejoined 1 and 2 will announce passing even thousand altitudes
2 will maintain 1000’ separation till visual or unless 1 allows 500’
Wing Work LvLs
1: 0-30 DOB, +-10 P, 1-2 G, 120K min
2: 0-60 DOB, +- 25 P, 1-2 G, 120k Min
3: 0-90 DOB, +- 35 P, 1-3 G, 120K Min
Wing Work as 1
-Target energy: 180-200K (50%) 10.5-11 or 18 HA
Close Trail
- 1-2 ship lengths behind and below 1
- similar to wing work
Pitchout spacing
2-3 sec delay :500-1000’
5-7 sec delay: 1500-2000’
place 1 just above the horizon to avoid prop wash
Extended Trail LvL 1
Stable turns, 30-60 DOB, 2 G, 50 %
Extended Trail LvL 2
Turns, Modified Lazy 8, 120 DOB, Moderate (2-3), 85%
Extended Trail LvL 3
Modified Cuban, Lazy 8, barrel roll, loop, cloverleaf
bank as required
G as required
85%
What position is Extend Trail flown?
Fighting Wing 30-45 Degree Cone 500-1000’ Aft
Extend Trail Bubble
300’ from 1 and if 2 gets closer than this KIO immediately
Extended trail Slant range
500’ slant range, momentary deviations are ok but should be fixed ASAP, if unable to fix call terminate
For 1 to perform over the top Extended Trail maneuvers what must be true?
-He must be visual with 2 and 2 must be in proper location
Minimum Airspeed for Extended trail
100 knots (give a buffer of 10-20 Knots)
Setup for Extended Trail
make calls and 1 will set max power/ turn away from 2. 2 will move into position and will call in, 1 will set 85% and begin maneuvering
Formation Recoveries 1 should never use less than what power setting
20% (use speed brake to assist in descents
if performing a overhead when should 1 move 2 to opposite of the break
prior to initial
1 will maintain what airspeed on approach
110 Knots
When should 2 stack level with 1
no earlier than going VMC or GSI, no later than 1/2 mile from RWY
Planned low approach no lower than
100’ AGL
Wing landing RWY width
150’
Touch-n-go’s allowed in formation
no
VOR/DME-E 1 will place 2 on what side
left
Iis a second formation approach authorized
Yes, if first attempt was denied or ended in low approach but must have been briefed, traffic pattern allows and approach/ landing required
what must be completed before a formation split
an Alpha check to ensure good navaids, and lead must coordinate with RAPCON. after lead must specifically tell 2 he’s cleared off
Formation Go-around
1 will smoothly add power to 75% (let 2 know on AUX)
2 passing 1 on T/O
if 2 overruns 1, check in Max perform individual takeoff. Follow 1s direction or change lead
One A/C aborts T/O during wing T/O
that A/C will say “aborting” and other will check max and takeoff, if interval 2 should consider aborting also
If entire formation needs to abort whats the call
“C/S flight abort, abort, abort”
Three times when the 1 position is offered
Emergency occurs
broke out of wx and able to go VFR
on final with field in sight and clearance
Engine problem in formation
bad A/C will take lead and perform a PEL or Forced landing, chase A/C can stay or be sent ahead to check conditions (i.e. cloud bottoms, traffic pattern, RWY condition)
NORDO in formation
NORDO A/C will stay or go 2, while 1 coordinate for an overhead, if in fingertip and 2 goes NORDO move to route and give 1 visual signals, rock wings continuously if needed, if diverting show NORDO A/C pink pages
