1x- Control of the cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is progression through the cell cycle controlled by?

A

Checkpoints

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2
Q

What are checkpoints?

A

Mechanisms within the cell that assess the condition of the cell during the cell cycle and halt progression to the next phase until certain requirements are met

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3
Q

What are cyclin proteins that accumulate during cell growth involved in?

A

Regulating the cell cycle

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4
Q

What do cyclins combine with and activate?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

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5
Q

What do active cyclin-CDK complexes do?

A

Phosphorylate proteins that regulate progression through the cycle. If sufficient phosphorylation is reached, progression occurs

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6
Q

What happens at the G1 checkpoint?

A

Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) acts as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting the transcription of genes that code for proteins needed for DNA replication

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7
Q

What inhibits the retinoblastoma protein (Rb)?

A

Phosphorylation by G1 cyclin-CDK

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8
Q

What happens at the G2 checkpoint?

A

The success of DNA replication and any damage to DNA is assessed

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9
Q

What does the inhibition of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) allow for?

A

The transcription of the genes that code for proteins needed for DNA replication. This means cells can progress from G1 to S phase

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10
Q

What does DNA damage trigger the activation of?

A

Several proteins including p53 that can stimulate DNA repair, arrest the cell cycle or cause cell death

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11
Q

What does the metaphase checkpoint control?

A

Progression from metaphase to anaphase

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12
Q

What happens at the metaphase checkpoint?

A

Progression is halted until the chromosomes are aligned correctly on the metaphase plate and attached to the spindle microtubules

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13
Q

What may a uncontrolled reduction in the rate of the cell cycle result in?

A

Degenerative disease

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14
Q

What may a uncontrolled increase in the rate of the cell cycle result in?

A

Tumour formation

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15
Q

What is a proto-ongonene?

A

A normal gene, usually involved in the control of cell growth or division, which can mutate to form a tumour-promoting oncogene

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