Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyco 275 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in an organisms behaviour as a result of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Memory

A

Ability to recall or recognize previous experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Engram

A

Physical trace of a memory in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classical conditioning (Pavlovian)

A

Neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after its repeated pairing with some event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Eye-blink conditioning

A

Tone is the conditioned stimulus that comes to elicit an eye blink
Air puff is the unconditioned stimulus and blinking in response to the airpuff is the unconditioned response
Blinking in response tp the tone is the conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Eye-blink conditioning is mediated by the ____

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fear conditioning

A

Unpleasant stimulus is used to elicit an emotional response

Tone presented before a shock comes to elicit a fear response without the shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fear conditioning is mediated by the_______

A

Amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

A

Learning in which the consequences of a particular behaviour increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour occurring again
Reinforcement and punishment
Not localized to any brain circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thorndike and operant conditioning

A

Cat had to press a lever to get out of a box in order to eat a fish
Reward of the fish reinforced the behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Skinner and operant conditioning

A

Reinforcement to train rats to press bars to obtain food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unconscious awareness

Demonstrate knowledge on prompting but cannot directly retrieve the information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Priming

A

Exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus
Implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explicit memory

A

Conscious memory

Can retrieve a memory and indicate they know the retrieved item Is correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Declarative memory

A

Specific contents of experiences that can be verbally recalled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Procedural memory

A

Ability to perform a task and recall a movement sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Encoding

A

Information is changed into a form that can be stored in the brain
Appears to involve modification of synapses, changes in gene expression, modification of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Encoding of implicit information

A

Encoded similar to how to is perceived
Bottom up
Person plays a passive role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Encoding of explicit memory

A

Depends on conceptually driven processing
Top down
Reorganizing information
Individual plays an active role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Storing semantic memories

A

Studies show a network of 7 left-hemisphere regions involved
Similar to the default network, appears the semantic processing makes up a large component of cognitive activity during passive states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Episodic memory

A

Autobiographical memory, part of explicit memory

Record of events, our presence and role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Key regions of episodic memory

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Pathways between the two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Loss of episodic memory (K.C)

A

Cognitive abilities and short-term memory intact but could not recall personally experienced events from his entire life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Highly superior autobiographical memory

A

Virtually complete recall for events in their lives beginning around age 10
Increased grey matter in temporal and parietal lobes
Increased fibre projections between temporal and frontal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dissociating explicit memory (Patient H.M.)

A

Removal of anterior hippocampus, amygdala, adjacent cortex
Severe anterograde amnesia- could not recall anything that happened since the surgery
Past memory and implicit memory intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Disconnecting implicit memory (Patient J.K.)

A

Basal ganglia dysfunction

Memory disturbances related to tasks he had performed his whole life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 medial temporal areas involved in explicit memories

A

Entorhinal cortex
Parahippocampal cortex
Perirhinal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Perirhinal cortex

A

Receives input from the visual ventral stream

For visual object memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Parahippocampal cortex

A

Receives input from the parietal visual regions

For visuospatial memory

30
Q

Entorhinal cortex

A

Receives projections from the perirhinal and parahippocampal regions
Integrative memory functions

31
Q

The hippocampus and spatial memory

A

Visuospatial memory for places

Selective hippocampal injury= deficits in spatial memory and difficulty with visuospatial learning

32
Q

Perirhinal lesions in monkeys

A

Impaired at visual-recognition tasks

33
Q

Parahippocampal lesions in monkeys

A

Impaired at object-position taks

34
Q

Place cells

A

Discharge when in a spatial location regardless of orientation
In the hippocampus

35
Q

Head direction cells

A

Discharge when head points in a particular direction

In the hippocampus

36
Q

Grid cells

A

Discharge at many locations
form a virtual grid invariant to changes in direction, movement, or speed
In the entorhinal cortex

37
Q

Reciprocal connections for explicit memory

A

The temporal lobe pathway is reciprocal: neocortex to the entorhinal cortex back to the neocortex
Keeps the sensory experience alive in the brain so the neural record outlasts the experience
Keeps the neocortex appraised of the information being processed in the medial temporal regions

38
Q

Frontal lobe’s role in memory

A

Short term memory

39
Q

Delayed response task

A

A monkey is shown 2 lights, it must choose the one in the same position as the cue shown earlier

40
Q

Delayed-alternation task

A

Monkey is shown 2 lights must choose the one not in the same location as the cue shown earlier

41
Q

Delayed matching to sample task

A

A monkey is shown a green light, then a red and a green light
It must choose the green light

42
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

Explicit memory disturbance from chronic alcohol abuse, kills cells in he medial diencephalon and thalamus

43
Q

Consolidation for explicit memories

A

Memories move from hippocampus to diffuse neocortical regions
The hippocampus consolidates new memories

44
Q

Distributed reinstatement theory

A

An explicit learning episode produces a stored memory representation that is strong in the hippocampus and weak elsewhere
The memory is replayed after the learning leading to enhanced representations outside the hippocampus

45
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Whenever a memory is played in the mind it is open to further consolidation
Restabilizing a memory trace
Memories are changeable

46
Q

Neural circuit for implicit memories

A

The basal ganglia receive input from the entire neocortex-only one direction, unconscious
Sends projections to the ventral thalamus and the premotor cortex
Substantia nigra indirectly involved through dopamine projections

47
Q

Why are implicit memories unconscious?

A

Because the connection from the cortex to the basal ganglia flows only one direction
Most of the neocortex receives no direct information from the basal ganglia

48
Q

Neural circuit for emotional memories

A

Unique in that it involves the amygdala- mediates fear conditioning
Damage to amygdala abolishes emotional memory but has little effect on other types of memory

49
Q

4 locations the amygdala sends projections to

A

Brainstem structures that control autonomic responses
Hypothalamus- hormones
Periaqueductal grey matter- pain perception
Enteric nervous system

50
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Long lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after a high-frequency stimulation
More neurotransmitter released or the postsynaptic membrane becomes more sensitive
Increase in EPSP

51
Q

Long-term depression

A

Long lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness after low frequency electrical stimulation
Possible mechanism for cleaning out old memories

52
Q

2 predictions about LTP and memory

A

When animals learn problems we should see enhanced LTP in the recruited pathways
LTP should produce enduring changes in synaptic morphology that resemble those seen in memory

53
Q

AMPA receptors

A

Normally mediate responses produced when glutamate is released

54
Q

NMDA receptors

A

Do not usually respond to glutamate because they are blocked my magnesium
Open if the postsynaptic membrane is depolarized which displaces the magnesium and the receptors are activated by glutamate

55
Q

Synaptic change- modifying existing circuits

A

Changes in dendrites- more dendrites=more connections
Additional contacts between neurons already connected or contacts with a new neuron
New axon terminals
Formation of synapses along axons

56
Q

Synaptic change- creating novel circuits

A

The adult brain is capable of generating new neurons
Enhances brain plasticity
May underly learning and memory as experience seems to increase the generation of new neurons

57
Q

Benefits of enriched experience

A

Housing animals in environments providing sensory or motor experience enhanced later learning
Increase in brain weight independent of body weight

58
Q

Experiment placing a patch over one eye of a rat then training them in a maze

A

Neurons in the visual cortex of the trained hemisphere (opposite of the eye able to see) had more extensive dendrites

59
Q

Experience-dependent change in humans (Wernicke’s area and education)

A

Studies found relationship between dendrite size in Wernicke’s area and level of education
More dendritic branches when college-educated

60
Q

Epigenetic explanation of why memories remain stable when cells are constantly undergoing molecular turnover

A

Specific sites in the DNA of neurons involved in memory may exist in methylated or non-methylated states
Epigenetic mechanisms mediate synaptic plasticity

61
Q

Gonadal hormones and plasticity

A

Establish differences in cortical neurons

Continue to influence structure and behaviour in adulthood

62
Q

Changes in estrogen levels on brain structure

A

Alters structures of the neurons and astrocytes in the neocortex and hippocampus
Decline in estrogen- greater synapses in the neocortex and less in the hippocampus

63
Q

Stress hormones and plasticity

A

Pituitary produces adrenocorticotropic hormone which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids
With prolonged stress can kill hippocampal cells

64
Q

Neurotrophic factors

A

Chemical compounds that signal stem cells to develop into neurons or glia, or reorganize neural circuits

65
Q

Nerve growth factor

A

Stimulates growth of dendrites and synapses

66
Q

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

Increases when animals solve problems

Enhances plastic changes like the growth of dendrites and synapses

67
Q

Behavioural sensitization

A

Progressive increase in behavioural actions in response to repeated administration of a drug
Memory for a particular drug, similar structural changes to other forms of learning - more receptors, more synapses
Localized to certain areas- nucleus accumbent

68
Q

Three-legged cat solution to recovery from brain injury

A

Simplest solution
Cat loses leg, learns to compensate by walking on 3 legs
the behaviour changed to compensate

69
Q

New-circuit solution to recovering from brain injury

A

The brain forms new connections to overcome losses

70
Q

Behavioural therapy and recovery from brain injury

A

Therapy increases brain activity which facilitates neural changes
New-circuits

71
Q

Pharmacological intervention and recovery from brain injury

A

Drugs to influence brain plasticity (eg nerve growth factor)
Neural growth needs to occur in brain regions that can influence a lost function
New circuits

72
Q

Electrical stimulation and deep brain stimulation and recovery from brain injury

A

Electrical stimulation directly increases activity in the remaining parts of damaged networks
DBT puts the brain in a more plastic state for other rehab therapies
New circuits

Psyco 275 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions