101 Review and Catalase Neg. GPC- Streptococcus Flashcards
1
Q
Used to categorize and identify bacteria
A
Dichotomous flowcharts
2
Q
Indicate preferential environment
A
Biochemical capabilities
3
Q
CSF, aveoli, bladder, and body fluids/tissue are generally (BLANK) zones of normal microbiota
A
Axenic
4
Q
The stomach generally has (BLANK) levels of normal microbiota
A
Low, Axenic
5
Q
The (BLANK) & (BLANK) have some of the highest levels of normal microbiota
A
Mouth and colon
6
Q
The hosts first line of defense
A
Microbial competition (i.e. normal microbiota)
7
Q
Opportunistic pathogens are caused by…
A
Normal microbiota
- in atypical locations
- in immunocompromised
8
Q
Primary pathogens are caused by…
A
Non-normal microbiota
-introduced through some portal of entry
9
Q
Exoenzymes cause cell death by disrupting (BLANK) & (BLANK)
A
Host structures and permeability barriers
10
Q
Signs are (BLANK) evidence, noted by (BLANK)
A
Objective, others
11
Q
Symptoms are (BLANK) evidence, noted by (BLANK)
A
Subjective, patient
12
Q
Signs and symptoms can help to identify (BLANK) & (BLANK)
A
Etiological agent, site of growth
13
Q
(BLANK) are usually metabolically crippled and need host growth factors
A
Obligate intracellular pathogens
14
Q
Cells that grow separate from biofilm are called…
A
Planktonic cells
15
Q
Biofilms protect microbes from (BLANK) & (BLANK)
A
Antibodies and phagocitic cells
16
Q
GNB use (BLANK) as autoinducers
A
AHL (lactones)
17
Q
GPB use (BLANK) as autoinducers
A
AIP (peptides)
18
Q
Quorum sensing alters transcription by…
A
Two component regulatory systems
19
Q
Virulence is defined by…
A
The relative CAPACITY of a microbe to cause damage in a host
20
Q
Disease outcomes is a function of (BLANK) & (BLANK)
A
Bacterial virulence factors and host defense factors
21
Q
Secreted effectors
A
Co-opt host cell signalling pathways
22
Q
Pathogenicity Islands (PAIs)
A
Chromosomal loci encoding multiple virulence factors
23
Q
Virulence factors can be encoded on what 3 genetic elements
A
- bacterial chromosomes
- plasmids
- lysogenic bacteriophage
24
Q
(BLANK) is a major barrier of infection
A
The mucus layer (i.e. epithelial cells)
25
Mucin contains...
Sialic acid and sulfated polysaccharides
26
Goblet cells
Excrete mucus
27
The ECM consists of proteins embedded in (BLANK) & (BLANK)
Sugar and proteoglycans
28
The most abundant protein in the ECM
Collagen
29
Connects integrin proteins to ECM
Fibronectin
30
Lamanin binding protein
protein used by pathogen to bind to ECM
31
Hyaluronidase
A mucinase (degrades mucin)
32
Coagulase
Forms fibrin blood clots
33
Plasmin
Degrades fibrin blood clots
34
Streptokinase & staphylokinase are...
Plasminogen activators
35
PAI1 & PAI2 are bound to...
Vitronectin
36
Plasmin activate
Marix Metallo Proteinases (MMPs)
37
MMPs convert (BLANK) into (BLANK)
Procollagenase into collagenase
38
Sortases
Catalyze attachment of adhesins in GPB
39
Cell wall sorting signal (CWSS)
Protein recognized by sortase
40
Leukocidins & hemolysins are...
Pore forming exotoxins
41
Cytolytic toxins cause...
Swelling and cell lysis
42
Phospholipases can cause...
Gas gangrene
43
Gas gangrene is disease resulting from...
Clostridium perfringens
44
A-B subunits are first (BLANK) & then (BLANK)
Endocytosized, dissociate
45
A-B toxins function by...
bARTTs (ADP ribosilation); inactivating target proteins
46
Superantigens stimulate...
T cell; cyctokine release
47
Lipis A is the toxic part of...
LPS in GNB
48
Roup LPS (LOS)
Lacks the O antigen
49
O antigen blocks...
Omptins (bacterial surface proteins)
50
Bacteria scavenge for (BLANK) and convert to (BLANK)
Fe3+, FE2+
51
3 host proteins that bind Fe are...
Hemoglobin, lactoferrin, and transferrin
52
Genes that regulate Fe dissociation from heme
Iron regulated surface determinant pathway (isd)
53
FUR
Fe-binding respressor regulated siderophore gene transcription
54
2 mechanisms of survival for bacteria in pathogen containing vacuoles
1. block phagosome acidification
| 2. prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion
55
Rho GTPase INACTIVATION results in...
Actin depolymerization
56
Rho GTPase ACTIVATION result in...
Actin Polymerization
57
Capsules are composed of...
Sugars and amino acids from host
58
Complement-mediated lysis results from pore forming (BLANK)
Menmbrane Attack Complex (MACs)
59
A component of the host ECM that blocks formation of MACs
Vitronectin
60
Serum resistance
Ability of pathogen to block complement mediated lysis (co-opts host factors)
61
C4BP, Factor H, FHL-1
Block proteolysis cascade
62
Caspases are proteases with (BLANK) residues that cleave after (BLANK) residues
Cysteine, aspartic acid
63
Neutrophiles secrete DNA and proteins to create...
Neutrophile extracellular Traps (NETs)
64
C5a peptidase
Blocks complement
65
IgG proteases
Degrade antibodies
66
s-IgA proteases
Breaks down IgA dimer in mucous layer
67
4 clinically relevant GPC (by genus)
1. Streptococcus
2. Enterococcus
3. Staphylococcus
4. Micrococcus
68
2 Catalase Negative GPC
Streptococcus, enterococcus
69
2 Catalase Positive GPC
Staphylococcus, Micrococcus
70
Streptococcus and micrococcus colonies are characteristically...
small, translucent, chains
71
Staphylococcus and micrococcus colonies are characteristically...
larger, opaque, clusters
72
Lancefield groupings refer to differences in...
Antigenic expression in C carbohydrate (inhibits lysozyme)
73
GAS
Group A Streptococcus
74
GABHS
Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
75
What ordering of traits would help characterize streptococci
1. size
2. hemolytic pattern
3. catalase
76
Beta hemolysis is (BLANK), resulting from (BLANK)
Complete hemolysis, streptolysin S and O
77
Streptolysin S is oxygen- (BLANK) and (BLANK)
stable, cytolytic
78
Streptolysin O is oxygen- (BLANK) and (BLANK)
labile, apoptotic
79
Alpha hemolysis is (BLANK), resulting from (BLANK)
Partial hemolysis, bacterial hydrogen peroxide oxidizing Fe 2+ to Fe3+ (e.g. hemoglobin to methylglobin)
80
Pharyngitis, etiological agent...
Streptococcus pyogenes, throat
81
Neonatal sepsis, etiological agent...
Streptococcus agalactiae
82
Pneumonia, etiological agent...
Streptococcus pneumoniae
83
Nosocomial UTI, etiological agent...
Enterococcus faecalis
84
Dental plaques, etiological agent...
Streptococcus mutans (i.e. viridans)
85
Severely invasive GAS serotype...
M1T1
86
What causes necrotizing faciitis in invasive GAS
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS), exotoxin A
87
How does Sequelae disease casue host damage
The host immune reaction to GAS M proteins (cross reaction)
1. cross reacts with myosin in heart valves leading to Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF)
2. antibody complexes build up leading to kidney failure (acute glomerulonephritis)
88
GAS mechanisms of colonization...
Adherence- fimbrial/non-fimbrial
Quorum sensing in biofilms
Nutritional adaptation through transcriptional regulation
Host modulation
89
3 events that occur from GAS colonization/manipulation...
Internalization, Cytokine release, Apoptosis
90
How does GAS colonize multiple sites in host
Expresses multiple adhesins (attached using sortase)
91
3 adhesins (and their binding substrate) found in GAS
```
M proteins (components of the ECM, Fn)
Ig-binding proteins (antibodies)
Protein F (binds Fn)
```
92
The (BLANK) that coats GAS allows the pathogen to evade host immune response
Hyaluronic acid capsule
93
Streptodornase
DNAase used by GAS to to destroy NETs
94
How does GAS evade opsonophagocytosis
M protein binding to Fn and IgG proteases (IdeS)
95
SIC in GAS inhibits...
complement and therefore MAC formation
96
Exotoxin A
Pyrogenic (fever inducing) superantigen
97
Exotoxin B
Protease
98
Exotoxin C
Superantigen
99
Streptolysin O
Pore forming cytolytic (apoptosis in phagocytes)
100
SLS
AKA streptolysin S is a membrane disrupting cytolytic (destruction of tissue/cells)
101
SLS is in the (BLANK) family of exotoxins and contains multiple modified (BLANK,BLANK, and BLANK) amino acids
TOMMS
| Cys, Ser, Thr
102
The (BLANK) operon for SLS contains what 3 components
Sag
| sagA gene, modifying enzymes, and ABC transporter
103
What is essential for the bioactivity of SLS
Residue modifications that result in a more rigid structure
104
What two enzymes are responsible for SLS residue modifications
SagC (cyclodehydratase) and SagB (dehydrogenase)
105
SLS modification is a (BLANK) process
heterocyclic
106
SLS residue serine is converted to (BLANK)
Oxazole
107
SLS residue threonine is converted to (BLANK)
Methyloxazole
108
SLS residue cyteine is converted to (BLANK)
Thiazol
109
Name two virulent factors specific to GAS M1T1
bacteriophage-encoded streptodornase D and exotoxin A
110
Mutations in (BLANK) cause M1T1 invasive disease
CovRS (two component system, AKA TCS)
111
CovS is a...
Sensor kinase that phosphorylates CovR
112
CovR is a...
Response regulator that NEGATIVELY regulates virulence genes
113
Inactivation on CovS or CovR leads to (BLANK) and (BLANK)
Up regulation of virulence factors and down regulation of exotoxin B
114
Example of GBS...
Streptococcus agalactiae
115
GBS virulence factors...
Capsule, proteases, and hemolysins
116
Viridans Streptococci can cause...
Dental caries and bacterial endocarditis (sub-acute)
117
Viridans Streptococci are (BLANK) hemolytic
Alpha, partial hemolysis
118
How to differentiate Streptococcus pneumoniae by shape...
It is a football-shaped diplococci
119
Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause...
Otis media, meningitis, and pneumococcal pneumoniae
120
Pneumococcal pneumoniae is usually (BLANK) and produces (BALNK) sputum
Community acquires (CA), rust colored
121
S. pneumoniae virulence factors against mucus layer are...
capsule (ESSENTIAL), exoglycosidases, pneumolysin
122
Pneumocin
A bacteriocin in S. pneumoniae active against other streptococcus
123
Pneumolysin
Pore forming cytolytic toxin that decrease ciliary beating in lungs
124
List 3 host barriers to S. pneumoniae adherence in nasopharyx are...
1. mucus layer
2. lysozyme
3. s-IgA
125
Exoglycosidases
deglycosylate mucus glycocojugates (decreases mucus viscosity)
126
S. pneumoniae virulance factors against lysozyme are...
Secretes deacetylases that make it resistant to lysozyme recognition
127
S. Pneumoniae virulence factors against s-IgA are...
Secretes s-IgA proteases that prevent bronchial ciliary escalator
128
Formerly group D Streptococcus
Enterococcus faecalis
129
Norma microbiota in GI tract are...
Enterococcus faecium
130
Vacomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) are most likely to result from (BLANK) infections
Nosocomial
131
Enterococcus can cause (BLANK) UTIs that move from the (BLANK) to the (BLANK)
Ascending, urethra, kidneys
132
If a strep test came back POSITIVE the results indicate it's (BLANK) and you should (BLANK)
GAS, treat with antibiotics
133
If a strep test came back NEGATIVE the results indicate it's not (BLANK) and you should (BLANK)
GAS, test hemolysis (Inoculate BAP)
134
If GBS were tested for CAMP factor using a CAMP test the result would show...
a synergistic hemolytic effect between GBS and S. aureus
135
S. pneumoniae can be identified using a (BLANK) test which would result in (BLANK)
Quellung, capsular swelling
136
Epithelial and endothelial cells are connected to neighboring cells by blank and blank
TJs and AJs
137
Occulin, zonulin, and ZO-1 are examples of...
TJ PROTEINS
138
Cadherins are examples of...
AJ proteins
139
Disrupting the cell junctions increases blank
Paracellular permeability
140
Cells are connected to the ECM through blank and blank
Focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes
141
Endotoxins bind to LPS binding protein and the complex binds to blank and blank proteins on macrophage
CD14 and TLR4
142
When endotoxin activates host proteins this induces high concentrations of blank and blank which activates coagulation cascade and immune system response
Cytokines and ROS
