100 Series Study List 111-115 Flashcards
111- Define OPSEC
OPSEC: is a systematic, proven process that identifies, controls, and protects generally sensitive but unclassified information about a mission, operation, or activity.
111- Discuss the OPSEC five step planning process
IDENTIFY CRITICAL INFORMATION; ANALYZE THREAT ASSESSMENT; ANALYZE VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS; ASSES RISK ASSESSMENT; APPLY OUNTER MEASURES
111- Discuss the responsibilities of the command OPSEC Officer
The OPSEC Officer is responsible for all aspects of administering the OPSEC Program at the command
111- Describe the OPSEC considerations regarding public affairs
To the maximum extent possible, the PAO and OPSEC officer should coordinate the release of data relative to the mission or to impending potentially sensitive activity.
111- Define WRA
Web Risk Assessment - Scan a website a determine if there are any OPSEC related vulnerabilities. — Risk assessment and risk management become critical factors in evaluating publicly accessible Web site information. Anything posted to the WWW is available to any adversary.
111- Define EEFI
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF FRIENDLY INFORMATION: Planners need to establish EEFI key information adversaries likely will inquire about regarding our intentions, capabilities, and activities, in order to obtain answers critical to their own operational effectiveness.
111- Define Critical Information
CI is defined as information about friendly (U.S., allied and/or coalition) activities, intentions, capabilities, or limitations an adversary seeks in order to gain a military, political, diplomatic, economic, or technological advantage.
112- What are the 5 key purposes of Naval Intelligence
Supporting the Commander; Identifying Centers of Gravity and Critical Vulnerabilities; Supporting Planning and Execution of Operations; Protecting the Force; Supporting Combat Assessment
112- Explain Supporting the Commander in reference to Naval Intelligence.
Allows the commander to fight smarter by supporting his selection of the best courses of action.
112- Explain Identifying Centers of Gravity and Critical Vulnerabilities in reference to Naval Intelligence.
Provide an accurate picture of the battle space from which we can identify clear and attainable objectives.
112- Explain Supporting Planning and Execution of Operations in reference to Naval Intelligence.
During planning, collection resources are identified and tasked to meet intelligence requirements in support of the operation.
112- Explain Protecting the Force in reference to Naval Intelligence.
Provides early warning of impending hostile action, and reduces risk by detecting adversary actions that have an impact on friendly planning assumptions.
112- Explain Supporting Combat Assessment in reference to Naval Intelligence.
Combat assessment is the procedure by which the commander weighs the effectiveness of military operations by considering battle damage assessment munitions effectiveness, and re-attack recommendations.
112- Define the five steps of Intelligence.
STEP 1: Planning and Direction: Identification and need for intelligence by the commander’s PIRs (Priority Intelligence Requirements); STEP 2: Collection: Tasking appropriate collection assets and/or resources to acquire the data and information required to satisfy collection objectives; STEP 3: Processing and Exploitation: Raw data is transformed into information, used by analysts to produce multidiscipline intelligence products; STEP 4: Analysis and Production: Integrating, evaluating, analyzing, and interpreting information from single or multiple sources into a finished intelligence product; STEP 5: Dissemination and Integration: Intelligence is integrated into the decision-making and planning processes; intelligence may be immediately communicated if situations warrant
112- What are the 5 Steps of intelligence
STEP 1: Planning and Direction; STEP 2: Collection; STEP 3: Processing and Exploitation; STEP 4: Analysis and Production; STEP 5: Dissemination and Integration
112- Describe Strategic Intelligence
National-level activities and assets, support the president and national-level political and military leadership; concerns plans and intentions of foreign entities, and serves as the basis for the national military strategy.
112- Describe Operational Intelligence
Intelligence required for planning and conducting campaigns and major operations to accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or operational areas.
112- Describe Tactical Intelligence
Such as the Office of Naval Intelligence or the other 16 agencies, are responsible for executive, strategic intelligence.
112- Define National Level Intelligence Organization
Such as the Office of Naval Intelligence or the other 16 agencies, are responsible for executive, strategic intelligence.
112- Define Theater Level Intelligence Organization
Such as PACOM JIOC (Joint Intelligence and Operations Center), handle operational intelligence to ensure security and execution of campaigns and major operations.
112- Define Fleet Level Intelligence Organization
Such as NAVCENT (US Navy CENTCOM), fulfill tactical intelligence requirements at the request of the COCOM
112- Def Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIRs):
Formalized intelligence requirements; critical pieces of intelligence the commander must know by a particular time to plan and execute a successful mission (this is the “wake-me-up if this happens” list) - PIRs are identified at every level and are based on guidance obtained from the mission statement, the commander’s intent, and the end-state objectives.
112- Define CCIR
Commander’s Critical Information Requirements (CCIRs): A comprehensive list of information requirements identified by the commander as being critical in facilitating timely information management and the decision-making process that affect successful mission accomplishment.
112- Describe HUMINT
Human intelligence is derived from information collected and provided by human sources.
112- Describe OSINT
Open Source Intelligence is gathered when analyzing data available through public or unclassified channels (example: commercial imagery, press, budgets, or gray literature)
112- Describe MASINT
Measurement and Signature Intelligence is information produced by quantitative and qualitative analysis of physical attributes of targets and events to characterize, locate, and identify them; MASINT exploits a variety of phenomenology to support signature development and analysis, to perform technical analysis, and to detect, characterize, locate, and identify targets and events (examples: nuke test, earth samples, aircraft radar signature). Includes ACINT (Acoustic), as well as IRINT (Infrared), LASINT (Laser), NUCINT (Nuclear), ELECTRO-OPTINT (Electro-optical), and RINT (Unintentional Radiation).
112- Describe SIGINT
Signals Intelligence is made up of communications (COMINT), electronic (ELINT), and foreign instrumentation signals (FISINT) (example: intercepted phone conversation)
112- Describe IMINT
Imagery Intelligence is technical, geographic, and intelligence information derived through the interpretation or analysis of imagery and collateral materials (example: satellite photos of an impending exercise or missile launch).
112- Describe ACINT
Acoustic Intelligence is intelligence derived from the collection and processing of acoustic phenomena (example: a submarine located by its acoustic signature).
112- Describe ELINT
Electronic Intelligence is technical and geo location intelligence derived from foreign non-communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources (example: a ship activates its surface search radar).
113- Describe the communication capabilities of transmissions HF
Around since WWI. Successful transmission of HF signals over a long distance is dependent upon refraction of radio waves by layers of the ionosphere. 3MHz-30MHz
113- Describe the communication capabilities of transmissions VHF and above
Penetrate the atmosphere, so used for LOS & satellite communications. 30MHz-300MHz
113- Describe the communication capabilities of transmissions VHF
Ideal for ship to shore. Ex. Beach landings of amphibious craft
113- Describe the communication capabilities of transmissions UHF LOS
Tactical Voice. ex. Moving ships into formation. 300MHz-3GHz
113- Describe the communication capabilities of transmissions UHF SAT
Tactical Voice/Data
113- Describe the communication capabilities of transmissions SHF
Radar and Satellite communications. 3GHz-30GHz
113- Describe the communication capabilities of transmissions EHF
Satellite communications. 30GHz-300GHz
113- Define Frequency
Cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, frequency is defined as a number of cycles, or periods, per unit time. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz), 1 Hz means that an event repeats once per second.
113- Define Wavelength
Is the distance in space occupied by one cycle of a radio wave at any given instant.
113- Define Ducting
Trapping of an RF wave between two layers of the earth’s atmosphere or between an atmospheric layer and the earth.
113- Define Refraction
The change in direction of a wave when passing at an angle from one medium to another in which its speed is changed.
113- Define Multiplexing
Is a process where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium.
113- Define Modulation
The ability to impress intelligence upon a transmission medium, such as radio waves.
113- Define Demodulation
The removal of intelligence from a transmission medium
113- Discuss the Layers and give a description of what it means in relation to the atmosphere:
The ionosphere is composed of three layers designated D, E, and F, from lowest level to highest level.
113- Discuss the Frequency and give a description of what it means in relation to the atmosphere:
The higher the frequency of a radio wave, the lower the rate of refraction by an ionized layer.
113- Discuss the Radio Waves and give a description of what it means in relation to the atmosphere:
There are two principal ways in which electromagnetic (radio) energy travels from a transmitting antenna to a receiving antenna. One way is by GROUND WAVES and the other is by SKY WAVES.
113- Discuss the Propagation and give a description of what it means in relation to the atmosphere:
Within the atmosphere, radio waves can be reflected, refracted, and diffracted like light and heat waves.
113- Describe USB/LSB and its common usage
When a carrier is modulated by voice or music signals, a large number of sum and difference frequencies are produced. All of the sum frequencies above the carrier are spoken of collectively as the UPPER SIDEBAND. All the difference frequencies below the carrier, also considered as a group, are called the LOWER SIDEBAND
113- Describe CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW) and its common usage
The “on-off” KEYING of a continuous wave (cw) carrier frequency was the principal method of modulating a carrier in the early days of electrical communications. The intervals of time when a carrier either was present or absent conveyed the desired intelligence. This is still used in modern communications. When applied to a continuously oscillating radio-frequency source, on-off keying is referred to as cw signaling. This type of communication is sometimes referred to as an interrupted continuous wave (icw). Also called Morse Code.
113- Describe Amplitude Modulation (AM) and its common usage
Is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. For example, changes in the signal strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker, or to specify the light intensity of television pixels.
113- Describe Frequency Modulation (FM) and its common usage
Conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency. In analog applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal
113- What are 3 different types of Radar
Fire Control; Surface Search; Air Search
113- Describe Air Search Radar
Air-search radar systems initially detect and determine the position, course, and altitude of air targets in a relatively large area.
113- Describe Surface Search Radar
A surface-search radar system has two primary functions: (1) the detection and determination of accurate ranges and bearings of surface objects and low-flying aircraft and (2) the maintenance of a 360-degree search pattern for all objects within line-of-sight distance from the radar antenna.
113- Describe Fire Control Radar
Is a radar which is designed specifically to provide information (mainly the target’s azimuth, elevation, range and velocity) to a fire-control system in order to calculate a firing solution (i.e. information on how to direct weapons such that they hit the target(s)).
113- Explain OPELINT
Is concerned with operationally relevant information such as the location, movement, employment, tactics, and activity of foreign non-communications emitters and their associated weapon systems.
113- Explain TECHELINT
Is concerned with the technical aspects of foreign non-communications emitters such as signal characteristics, modes, functions, associations, capabilities, limitations, vulnerabilities, and technology levels.
113- Define Half Duplex
One-way flow of information between terminals. Technical arrangements often permit transmission in either direction, but not simultaneously. This term must be qualified to show s/o (send only), r/o (receive only), or s/r (send or receive).
113- Define Full Duplex
The full-duplex (fdx) mode is a method of operation in which telecommunications between stations takes place simultaneously in both directions using two separate frequencies. In other words, a ship may send and receive different messages at the same time. The term “full duplex” is synonymous with “duplex”
113- Define Simplex
Mode uses a single channel or frequency to exchange information between two or more terminals. Communications is in one direction only, either s/o (send only) or r/o (receive only).
115- Describe Space Force Enhancement
Combat support operations and force-multiplying capabilities delivered from space systems.
115- Describe Space Support
Operations to deploy and sustain military and intelligence systems in space.
115- Describe Space Control
Operations to ensure freedom of action in space for friendly forces, and when directed, denies an adversary the same.
115- Describe Space Force Application
Combat operations in, through, and from space to influence the course and outcome of conflict by holding terrestrial target at risk.
115- Describe how the Sun affects communications.
Two by-products are electromagnetic radiation (ER) and electrically charged particles (ECP). ER has the potential to adversely impact radar, communications and space systems when enhanced or intensified by solar-geophysical phenomena such as solar winds. ECP can cause direct physical damage and/or electrical upsets to low and high earth-orbiting spacecraft and satellites
115- Describe how the Solar Wind affects communications.
When solar winds reach the earth and interact with the magnetic fields, electric currents are formed that travel along magnetic fields. The current is forced towards the polar regions and excites the nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the ionosphere which is converted in to lights creating the aurora. This excited state of molecules degrades radar performance in the auroral zones including ballistic missile warning radar and can adversely affect satellite at altitudes to 600 miles to include polar orbiting satellites.
115- Describe how the Solar Cycle affects communications.
An 11 year cycle of solar activity. Generally a 4 year rise to a solar maximum, followed by a gradual 7 year decline to solar minimum.
115- Describe how the Van Allen Radiation Belts affects communications.
A region of trapped electrons and protons that oscillate back and forth along the lines of the magnetic field which completely encircle the earth.
115- LEO
Low Earth Orbit - altitudes approximately 150-800 miles above the Earth’ surface.
115- Medium Earth Orbit
Region of space around the Earth above the LEO and below geostationary orbit.
115- Highly Elliptical Orbit
Reffered to as the Molniva Orbit. Used to obtain communications in the northern or southern hemisphere.
115- Geosynchronous Orbit
A satellite placed in orbit with an average altitude of approximately 19,300 miles, will have an average angular velocity exactly equal to that of the Earth’s.
115- Polar Orbit
A polar orbit passes over the entire surface of the earth. Use extensively by imagery satellites.
115- Apogee
Apoint on the satellite’s orbit farthest from the center of the earth.
115- Perigee
A point on the satellite’s orbit closest to the center of the earth.
115- What are the two main space launch facilities?
Vandenburg AFB, CA; NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL
115- GBS
Global Broadcast Service - Provides a worldwide, high capacity, one-way transmission means for a variety of data, imagery, and other information required to support joint forces.
115- GPS
Global Positioning System - Known primarily as a navigation system, the global positioning system is also used to disseminate precise time, time intervals, and frequency. The system consists of 24 satellites and six orbital plans.
115- Astrometry
The scientific measurement of the positions and motions of celestial bodies.
