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Genetics > 10| DNA REPLICATION, 1-2 > Flashcards

10| DNA REPLICATION, 1-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Enzyme that straightens double helix and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases

A

Helicase

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2
Q

Enzyme that adds complimentary bases to the original nucleotides

only adds bases in the 5 to 3 direction on the new strand

after DNA is copied, reruns across DNA to check and fix base pair mistakes

A

DNA Polymerase

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3
Q

Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together by adding in sugars and phosphates

A

DNA Ligase

-catalyzes phosphodiester bonds (links back together)

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4
Q

DNA strand where complementary nucleotides are not continuously added

forms Okazaki fragments

A

Lagging Strand

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5
Q

DNA strand where complementary nucleotides are being continuously added

A

Leading Strand

-primer is anti-parallel

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6
Q

Three steps of DNA replication

A
  1. Helicase straightens out double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds between the bases
  2. DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each of the original strands in the 5 to 3 direction
  3. Sugars and phosphates are added to join Okazaki fragments
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7
Q

The new DNA (double helices) are made up of one new DNA strand and one original, is termed as

A

Semi-Conservative Process

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8
Q

Site where DNA replication begins
1 or 2 in prokaryotes
many in eukaryotes
multiple replication forks allow DNA to be copied much faster

A

Replication Fork

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9
Q

Made up of one strand of DNA- single stranded, codons

A

mRNA

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10
Q

carries amino acids to the ribosomes

anticodon

A

tRNA

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11
Q

Steps of Transcription,5;

A
  1. PROMOTER (TATA box) shows where the RNA should begin transcription
  2. RNA polymerase bonds DNA molecule at the TATA box and allows DNA to unravel and the hydrogen bonds to break
  3. RNA polymerase moves along one strand of DNA adding complementary RNA nucleotides
  4. RNA reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides and breaks off
  5. DNA zips back up and the hydrogen bonds reform
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12
Q

Three Stages of Translation

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

all three stages require protein factors to assist in the process of translation

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13
Q

Initiation

A
  1. mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit
  2. small ribosomal subunit moves along mRNA until it reaches start codon
  3. triggers initiation factors to bind the large an small ribosomal subunits to form Translation Initiation Complex

brings together mRNA, the tRNA with the 1st amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits

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14
Q

Elongation, three steps

A

amino acids are added one at a time to the preceding amino acid AUG

  1. new tRNA with complementary anticodon to the A site bonds with the A site
  2. the polypeptide of the P site bonds to the amino acid in the A site
  3. Ribosome shifts on sequence moving tRNA to E (exit) site and P site
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15
Q

Termination, three steps

A

occurs when a stop codon reaches a ribosome’s A site

  1. the A site accepts the protein called release factor
  2. release factor causes the protein(polypeptide)to leave ribosome and breaks apart the ribosomal subunits
  3. Translation is stopped
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16
Q

Usually a substitution

only one base/nucleotide is affected

only a problem if it changes the amino acid and the protein being made

This can be termed as what type of mutation

A

Point mutations

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17
Q

When the codon still codes for an amino acid but not the correct one

This can be termed as what type of mutation

A

Missense Mutation

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18
Q

When the codon codes for a stop codon instead of the correct amino acid

This can be termed as what type of mutation

A

Nonsense Mutation

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19
Q

All codons after the mutation are changed

This can be termed as what type of mutation

A

Frameshift Mutation

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20
Q

Enzyme that degrades nucleotides by breaking the phosphodiester bonds

A

nuclease

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21
Q

Protection from exonucleases is done by

A

telomeres

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22
Q

What enzyme or function is being affected if,

newly synthesized DNA contains many missmatched base pairs

A

DNA Polymerase

ensurs the activity of the complementary strand through the process of proofreading. loss of this function results in missmatching the newly synthesized strand

23
Q

What enzyme or function is being affected if,

Okazaki fragments accumulate and DNA synthesis is never completed

A

DNA ligase

It is responsible for joining the okf together

24
Q

What enzyme or function is being affected if,

No initiation occurs

A

Primase or RNA

Because a segment of 10-12 complementary nucleotides serve as a primer to initiate synthesis

-the RNA segment is 1st to be synthesized onto the template

25
Q

What enzyme or function is being affected if,

super coiled strands remain and replication is never completed

A

DNA topiosomerase/ Gryase

  • cuts and controls activity to minimize knots
26
Q

What enzyme or function is being affected if,

super coiled strands remain and replication is never completed

A

Topiosomerase/ gryase

  • cuts and controls activity to minimize knots
27
Q

What enzyme or function is being affected if,

synthesis is very slow

A

DNA polymerase

-it acts on the 5’-3’ strands; leading strand

28
Q

Corrects overwinding , releaves strains by producing breaks

A

Topiosomerase

29
Q

Protein that stabalizes strands to be used as templates

A

SSBP’s

30
Q

Re-anneals semiconservative strands and joins okf of lagging strand

A

DNA ligase

31
Q

Corrects RNA primers

A

DNA primase

32
Q

RNA primers get replaced during synthesis by

A

okf replace them with dna

33
Q

DNA Polymerase can only add bases when an ________ is present

A

RNA Primer

34
Q

What type of Polymerase is involved in repair

A

PII

Functions as a back up during replication

35
Q

What type of Polymerase is involved in proofreading and polymerization; replication (elongation)

A

PIII

36
Q

What type of Polymerase has a special structure called a clamp loader?

A

PIII

37
Q

What type of Polymerase is involved in repair, addition of DNA, RNA primer removal and is RNA dependent DNA polymerase?

A

PI

38
Q

What type of Polymerase can cleave from both directions

A

PI

polymerization 5-3
exconuclease 5-3 or 3-5

39
Q

Another name for PIII is the holoenzyme (active form)

what do it’s core enzymes do?

A

elongate PP chain and proofreading

40
Q

Dependent on ATP from glycolysis, this complex facilitates formation of the sliding clamp loader

A

Y-Complex (y,s,s’,x,u)

41
Q

UNWINDS by breaking -H between complementary bases

A

helicase (zipper)

42
Q

polymerse involved in gap filing and synthesis of leading strand,

also involved in PROCESITIVITY (polymerase switching from alpha (a) to delta (S)

A

PI

43
Q

The assembly of new neucleosomes is carried out by _______ factors which move along with the replication fork

A

chromatin assembly factors

44
Q

What is a consensus sequence

A

a sequence that is the same or nearly the same

(autonomously replicating sequences)

;in all yeast

45
Q

Autonomously replicating sequences are termed

A

consensus sequences; a sequence that is the same or nearly the same

46
Q

The discontinuous strand:

The continuous strand:

A

leading, discontinuous

lagging, continuous

47
Q

Discovery of this type of polymerase in mutant strains of E. Coli lead to PIII being discovered as the enzyme responsible for replication in vivo

A

PI (alpha)

48
Q

They are at the ends of linear chromosomes and consist of short tandom repeats, TTGGGG, and preserve stability of the chromosome

A

telomeres

49
Q

Directs the telomere tandom sequence to fill in the gap

A

TERC, a telomerase RNA component that is non-coding

50
Q

Enzyme that is a ribonucleoprotein serving as the template for syn of its DNA complement “reverse transcriptase

A

telomerase

51
Q

The ends of linear chromosomes are programmatic during replication, why

A

bc once the RNA primer is removed its DNA their is no free 3’-OH from which to elongate.

if the chromosome simply just ends it can resemble a double stranded break and mistakenly be fused with other chromosome ends by DNA repair mechanisms

52
Q

Also called terminal transferase, is a ribonucleoprotein that adds a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3’ end of telomeres. A telomere is a region of repetitive sequences at each end of eukaryotic chromosomes in most eukaryotes.

A

Telomerase

53
Q

an enzyme that adds nucleotides to telomeres, especially in cancer cells.

A

Telomerase

54
Q

No loss or gain

a. inversion
b. reciprocal translocation

A

reciprocal translocation

Genetics (9 decks)

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