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MSK-1 Test 2 > 10. Bone Histology > Flashcards

10. Bone Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for Mature or Secondary bone?

A

Lamellar Bone

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2
Q

What exists between the inner and outer circumferential lamellae, outside of the individual osteons?

A

Interstitial lamellae

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3
Q

What can be found in the inner layer of the periosteum?

What is this layer called?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

Osteogenic layer

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4
Q

Where do osteoprogenitor cells come from?

A

Mesenchyme

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5
Q

What can be found in the endosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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6
Q

What are the four steps of intramembranous ossification?

A

1: Mesenchyme condenses due to signaling molecules
2: Osteoblasts differentiate and begin forming osteoid around the blood vessels inside the condensed mesenchyme
3: Osteoblasts begin calcifying that osteoid forming a honeycomb around the blood vessels
4: Bone develops outward until the spongy bone is covered

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7
Q

What can be found in the outer layer of periosteum?

What is this layer called?

A

Blood Vessels and Nerves

Fibroblasts and Collagen

Sharpey’s Fibers

Fibrous layer

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8
Q

What cells activity is associated with high Alkaline Phosphatase activity?

A

Osteoblast activity

(specifically as they are becoming osteocytes, they give off “AlkPhos”)

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9
Q

Where is red bone marrow primarily found in adults and children?

A

In the flat bones in adults, and in all bones in young children

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10
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

What lamellae are adjacent to the endosteum?

A

The Inner Circumferential Lamellae

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12
Q

Actions of which zone of endochondral ossification cause lengthining of the bone?

A

Zone of hypertrophy

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13
Q

What are the four steps of bone fracture repair?

A

1: Hematoma Formation
2: Soft (Fibrocartillagenous) callus formation
3: Hard (bony) callus formation
4: Bone remodeling

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14
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

Inner layer of the periostium

Endosteum

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15
Q

What is the normal function of FGFR3?

What changes to cause Achondroplasia?

A

FGFR3 stops growth during adulthood

It activates prematurely

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16
Q

What is the heredity of Achondroplasia?

A

Autosomal Dominant

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17
Q

What are Sharpey’s fibers, and what is their function?

A

They are collagen fibers that penatrate the outer circumferential lamellae.

They anchor they periosteum to the bone itself

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18
Q

Where would you find the endosteum?

A

Covering the spongey walls.

(Said another way, on the walls of the medullary cavity)

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19
Q

What lamellae lie just deep to the periosteum in bone?

A

The Outer Circumferential Lamellae

20
Q

How do osteoclasts resorb bone? (Two enzymes)

A

They create a localized secluded acidic environment using H+-ATPase, then degrade the organic matrix via Cathepsin K Protease

21
Q

Where do osteoclasts come from?

A

The Monocyte Lineage

22
Q

In what zone of endochondral ossification is the medullary cavity produced by osteoclasts?

A

Zone of resorption

(Osteoclasts eat the dead chondrocytes)

23
Q

What might be a more primary disease that could cause Osteomalacia?

A

GI disease (Calcium / Vitamin malabsorption)

24
Q

What causes Rickets?

A

Calcium or Vitamin D deficiency during growth, causing deficient mineralization of cartilage in the growth plate

25
Q

What do we call Vitamin D or Calcium deficiency in adults?

A

Osteomalacia

26
Q

When might osteoprogenitor cells be the most active?

A

During times of bone repair

27
Q

In endochondral ossification, what surrounds the cartilagenous blueprint?

A

Perichondrium

28
Q

What separates the interstitial circumferential lamellae from the osteon?

A

The cement line

29
Q

What lies at the center of the osteon?

A

The Haversian Canal

30
Q

What are the symptoms of Rickets?

A

Delayed closure of the fontanelles

Bowed lower limbs

Bossing of the skull

Bowing of distal radius and ulna

31
Q

What gene is involved in achondroplasia?

A

FGFR3 gene
(Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor)

32
Q

What cell deposits and mineralizes the osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts

33
Q

In endochondral ossification, what is the bone’s blueprint made of?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

34
Q

When might we see woven bone?

A

During fracture repair

During Remodeling

During initial bone formation

35
Q

What population is more likely to get osteoporosis?

A

Elderly and postmenopausal females

36
Q

What connects Haversian Canals?

A

Volkman’s Canals

37
Q

In which zone of endochondral ossification do the chondrocytes begin to die?

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

38
Q

Osteocytes create a complex network of branches to communicate with each other and with the nutrient supply - what is this network made of?

A

Canaliculi

39
Q

Why do you feel pain when you’ve broken a bone?

A

Because of the nerve endings in the fibrous outer layer of the periosteum

40
Q

On what part of the bone is there no periosteum?

A

The articular surfaces (joints)

41
Q

When does an Osteoblast become an Osteocyte?

A

When it entraps itself in its lacuna.

42
Q

What is the mechanism of osteoporosis?

A

Imbalance in Osteoblast and Osteoclast action leading to demineralization of the bone.

43
Q

What forms the soft callus in bone repair?

A

Chondroblasts

44
Q

What is another name for immature or primary bone?

A

Woven bone

45
Q

In endochondral ossification, what forms the primary ossification center?

A

Hypertrophy and subsequent death and phagocytosis (by osteoclasts) of chondrocytes in the middle of the diaphysis. This creates an opening known as the primary ossification center.

MSK-1 Test 2 (18 decks)

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