10/21: CNS Part 2 Flashcards
Where are most CNS tumors located?
Intracranial; spinal cord tumors are less frequent
Where are CNS tumors located in adults and children?
Adults: supratentorial
Children: infratentorial
What is the second most common malignancy in children?
CNS tumors
What are two types of astrocytomas?
Glioblastoma - Diffuse
Pilocytic astrocytoma -Localized
What is the most common adult primary tumor?
Glioblastoma (diffuse)
Who is pilocytic astrocytoma primarily found in?
Children
What WHO grade is pilocytic astrocytoma?
WHO 1 (favorable outcome)
Who are oligodendrogliomas commonly found in?
Adults
What genes are associated with oligodendroglioma?
1p19q co-deletion
Oligodendroglioma has a better prognosis than _________
Astrocytoma
What WHO grade is oligodendroglioma?
WHO grades II, III
Who is ependymoma associated with?
Children/adults
Where is ependymoma found in children and adults?
Children - intracranial
Asults - spinal cord
What WHO grade is ependymoma?
WHO grade II, III , grade II most common
What WHO grade is medulloblastoma?
grade IV
- Despite the WHO grade IV designation, this tumor
has a very favorable prognosis in many cases
Where is medulloblastoma located?
In the cerebellum
What is the second most common primary intracranial tumor in adults >30 years and female?
Meningioma
What nerve is schwannoma associated with?
Cranial nerve VIII
What is the most common metastases?
Lung
Breast
What is often hemorrhagic metastases?
Kidney
Melanoma
Choriocarcinoma
What are examples of meningitis infection?
Bacterial
Fungal
Viral
Other
What are examples of encephalitis infection?
Bacterial
Viral: herpetic, rabies, polio, slow virus
Definition of enecphalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, and meningomyelitis
- Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain
- Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges
- Meningoencephalitis: inflammation of the brain and
meninges - Meningoencephalomyelitis: inflammation of the meninges,
brain and spinal cord - Meningomyelitis: inflammation of the spinal cord and its
membranes
What kind of spread of infection is most common?
Hematogenous
Where do local infections spread from?
Paranasal sinuses, dental infections, skin (facial) infections
Who has the peak incidence of meningitis?
Children (75% of cases)
What are cerebral abscess?
Penetrating skull injury
Spread of infection from other sources
May be bacterial or fungal in origin
What are toxoplasmosis?
Multilple necrotizing abscessess
Where is herpes simplex encephalitis distributed?
In an assymetric fashion through the medial temporal and inferior frontal lobes
What is CMV?
- Rare in adults, typically immunocompromised
- Important in pregnancy and early postnatal period
- One of the TORCH infections
- Causes periventricular calcifications
- Viral particles in brain and persist for decades after fetal
infection
What is PML?
Opportunistic demyelinating disease caused by the JC polyomavirus
Who is PML most common in?
Immunocompromised patients
What is the diagnostic hallmark for PML?
Presence of oligodendrocytes with enlarged nuclei
What are prios?
abnormal forms of a cellular protein that causes
transmissible neurodegenerative disorders
What are demyelinating diseases?
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
What are degenerative diseases?
Alzheimer
Parkinson
ALS
What is MS characterized by?
more than one episode of neurologic deficits separated in time, attributable to CNS white matter lesions that are separated in space
What is found on MRI for multiple sclerosis?
Multifocal lesions of various ages in white mater located adjacent to lateral ventricles
What are pathologic landmarks of alzheimers disease?
Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tanles
What is parkinson disease characterized by?
Presence of lewy bodies
What is parkinson disease visible as?
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra in the midbrain
