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D2 Fall - Pathology Exam 3 > 10/21: CNS Part 1 > Flashcards

10/21: CNS Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What layer does the CNS develop from?

A

Ectodermal layer
- subspecialized layer called the neuroectoderm

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2
Q

When is the neural formation complete?

A

4 weeks gestation

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3
Q

What does an anterior neuropore closure defect lead to?

A

Anencephaly

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4
Q

What does a posterior neuropore closure defect lead to?

A

Spina bifida

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5
Q

When does hemispheric division of the cerebrum occur?

A

Between 4 and 6 weeks gestation

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6
Q

How does division occur?

A

Caudal to rostral
(posteiror -> anterior)

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7
Q

What does lack of division lead to?

A

Various degrees of haloprosencephaly

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8
Q

When does formation of the corpus callosum begin at?

A

10 weeks gestation

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9
Q

When does gyral formation begin?

A

After division of the two cerebral hemispheres is complete

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10
Q

What are cells of the CNS?

A

Neurons
Glial cells
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal cells

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11
Q

What is intracranial hypertension?

A

Mean CSF pressure of more than 200mm of water

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12
Q

_____________ and __________ commonly occur together but do not necessarily coexist

A

Intracranial hypertension; brain edema

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13
Q

What is brain edema?

A

Increase in brain volume that is due to an increase in its water content

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14
Q

What is well localized brain edema characterized as?

A

Little or no clinical evidence of brain dysfunction

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15
Q

What is severe brain edema characterized as

A

Major focal or generalized signs of brain dysfunction and or medullary failure or respiration and circulation failure

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16
Q

What is cytotoxic edema?

A

Cellular swelling of glial, neuronal, and endothelial cells

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17
Q

What matter does cytotoxic edema involve?

A

White and grey matter

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18
Q

What is interstitial edema?

A

Increased brain fluid due to block of CSF absorption

19
Q

What matter is involved in interstitial edema?

A

White matter

20
Q

What is the most common form of brain edema?

A

Vasogenic edema

21
Q

What is vasogenic edema characterized as?

A

Increased permeability of brain capillary endothelial cells

22
Q

Which matter is involved in vasogenic edema?

A

White matter is more vulnerable than grey matter

23
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Increased volume of CSF within the cranial cavity

24
Q

What population does hydrocephalus occur more in?

A

Infants associated with enlarged head

25
Q

What is hydrocephalus caused by?

A

Obstruction to the CSF circulation

26
Q

What is trauma?

A

Blunt force head injury - lesions may be parenchymal and/or traumatic vascular injuries

27
Q

What is concussion?

A

Clinical syndrome of altered consciousness secondary to head injury - sudden disruption of neurologic function

28
Q

What is contusion?

A

Direct parenchymal injury of the brain (similar to bruising)

29
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

Skull fracture and middle meningeal artery injury

30
Q

What is an epidural hematoma followed by?

A

Rapidly developing signs of cerebral compression

31
Q

What is a subdural hematoma?

A

Venous bleeding from bridging veins

32
Q

What is subdural hematoma follow by?

A

Gradual signs of cerebral compression-hours-days-weeks

33
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?

A

Widespread but often asymmetric axonal swellings that appear within hours of the injury

34
Q

What is the third major cause of death in the US after heart disease and cancer?

A

Cerebrovascular disease

35
Q

What is the most common clinical designation that applies to relatively acute cerebrovascular damage of the CNS due to different disorders?

A

Stroke

36
Q

What vascular disease are Impairment of blood supply and oxygenation?

A

Hypoxia, ischemia, and infarct of the brain

37
Q

What vascular diseases are rupture of CNS vessels?

A

Hemorrhage

38
Q

What are infarcts?

A

Tissue necrosis more frequent than hemorrhage (75-80%)

39
Q

What are hemorrhages?

A

associated with arterial hypertension,
atherosclerosis, vascular malformations, berry aneurysms,
trauma, coagulopathy

40
Q

What is transient ischemic attack?

A

reversible
episodes of impaired neurological function

41
Q

What are transient ischemic attacks considered to be precursors of?

A

More serious occlusive events

42
Q

What is global cerebral ischemia?

A

generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion (cardiac arrest, shock, sever hypotension)

43
Q

What is focal cerebral ischemia?

A

localized reduction or cessation of
blood flow to a defined portion of the brain

44
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low partial pressure of oxygen
Impairment of bloods oxygen carrying capacity
Inhibition of oxygen use in the tissue

D2 Fall - Pathology Exam 3 (4 decks)

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