10

Question 1

what is the supply chain used to make vaccines cold

Answer 1

cold chain

Question 2

active vs passive immunisation

Answer 2

passive is using ABs for shrt term immunity and emergencies

Question 3

inactivated vacc

Answer 3

contain bacteria or virus that has been heat or chemically inactivated
requires multiple doses
produces weak immune response

Question 4

inactivated vaccines examples

Answer 4

polio, rabies, hep A, flu

Question 5

live attenuated vaccines maintains __ but loses __

Answer 5

antigenicity but loses pathogenicity

Question 6

eg of live vac

Answer 6

mmr, smallpox, varicella, yellow fever, rotavirus

Question 7

subunit, recombinant, polysaccharides and conjugate vacc

Answer 7

recombinant contains the genes encoding specific antigen

conjugate vac contains a weak and strong antigen

these can be protein (spike) or peptide or polysaccharides based

Question 8

what are toxoid vacc

Answer 8

toxic effects are removed by removing the exotoxins and endotoxins with formaldehyde at a certain temp

Question 9

how do toxoids give immunity

Answer 9

by stimulating anti toxoid antibodies
they also bind to the toxin and neutralise its toxic effects

Question 10

toxoid contains

Answer 10

booster and adjuvant

Question 11

viral vector vaccines
viral vector contains

Answer 11

DNA spoke protein of the virus

Question 12

how is viral vector vaccine made

Answer 12

spike protein genetic material extracted and inserted to viral vector. then injected to human and vector enters cekk. the spike proteins are created and recognised by immune system.

Question 13

mRNA vaccines is made

Answer 13

mRNA surrounded by tiny lipids

Question 14

6 components of vaccines

Answer 14

immune antigens
suspension fluids
adjuvants
preservatives
stabilisers
emulsifier /surfactant

Question 15

eg of preservatives in vaccines

Answer 15

FORMALEDHYDE, THIMEROSAL, 2 PHENOXYETHANOL

Question 16

which preservative in vaccines can trigger hypersensitivity

Answer 16

thimerosal. used in place of BAK
both fungistatic and bacteriostatic

Question 17

adjuvants role

Answer 17

induce more potent immune response.

Question 18

2 groups adjuvants

Answer 18

vaccine delivery systems
immunistimulatory adjuvants

Question 19

vaccine delivery system adjuvant role

Answer 19

nano and micro particles that concentrate and attack antigen

Question 20

immunostimulatory adjuvant role

Answer 20

immunopotentiators activate innate immunity directly by cytokines or through pattern recognition receptors

Question 21

eg of adjuvants

Answer 21

aluminum hydroxide or phosphate
complete friends adjuvant contains heat killed mycobacteria suspended in oil (has severe side effects)
o/w and w/o emulsions are v toxic
montanide

Question 22

w/o emulsion adjuvants are called

Answer 22

incomplete Freunds adjuvant and are v effective but cause cutaneous reactivity

Question 23

eg of stabilisers

Answer 23

MSG, gelatin (protects from heat), sorbitol, buffers

Question 24

lyophilised vaccines an stabilisers

Answer 24

lyophilised vaccines don’t need stabilisers

Question 25

eg of surfactants

Answer 25

also used as adjuvants
sorbitan esters, lecithin, manned elates
lipopolysac from g neg outer membrane
saponins
DDAB

Question 26

midstream bioprocessing filtrations

Answer 26

cake/alluvial fiktration
tangential flow filtration
centrifugation

Question 27

downstream bioprocessing

Answer 27

chromtatgraphy
ultrafiltration
precipitation
enzyme digest

Question 28

polysaccharides conjugate vaccines are conjugated to

Answer 28

non toxic non reactogenic carrier proteins

Question 29

key contaminant in viral vaccine process

Answer 29

carryover nucleic acid from lysed cells –> benzonase endonuclease is used to degrade nucleic acids like RNA and DNA of host cells together with chromatographic separation

Question 30

processing of viral vector vaccine

Answer 30

cell lysis and clarification via filtration, nuclease treatment and ultrafiltration then final sterile filtration

Question 31

mrna vaccine inactivation of virus particles through

Answer 31

formalin
but must be removed

Question 32

mrna purified via

Answer 32

tangential flow filtration

Question 33

because formulated vaccines can’t be filter sterilised,

Answer 33

adjuvant and purified antigens are filtered and sterilised separately then aseptically blended

Question 34

lyophilisation process has 7 steps

Answer 34

same as before

Question 35

issues w stoppers during lyophilisation

Answer 35

traps moisture, lubrication during closing, possible source of contamination

Question 36

potency of vaccine by immunoassay
for which vaccines

Answer 36

polio, hav, recombinant and subunit vacc : hep A and Hep B

Question 37

antiigen content is measured by __ in immunoassay

Answer 37

ELISA

Question 38

ELISA may still yield a positive result in case of degraded antigen so also use

Answer 38

HPLC, SDS page

Question 39

ow is potency of live vac tested

Answer 39

virus titer using in vitro cell culture
cells infected with various dilutions of vaccine
cell death quantified

Question 40

polysaccharides vaccine potency

Answer 40

measured by polysaccharides content, size, purity, degree of adsorption

Question 41

manufacturer QC test consists of

Answer 41

antigen identity, content, size, purity, sterility and endotoxins,
if toxic compounds eg formaldehyde are used they mustt be removed
for inactivated vaccines test for residual live virus or bacteria