10/11 Child Cognitive and Psych Development - Novotny

Question 1

developmental trajectories

Answer 1

gross motor skills

fine motor skills

language

personal-social

cognitive/psychological

Question 2

language

Answer 2

transition from non-verbal to verbal fluency happens rapidly in normal development

• toddler years especially important

toddler/preschooler presenting with behavior problems → should suspect language delays!

• why? children who can’t use lang to influence world resort to behaviors
• common presenting feature of many neuropsych disorders (ex. autism)

Question 3

social development

caregiver-child relationships

Answer 3

begins in infancy through dyad of caregiver-child

Mahler: separation and individuation

• infants start social devpt with attachment to caregiver

Bowlby: attachment theory

• attachment to caregiver during this period is imp → can provide basis for resilience in face of hardship later in life

3 types of child-caregiver relationships:

• secure
• resistant
• avoidant

Question 4

social development

toddler years

q: autism?

Answer 4

toddlers start to show interest in other children

parallel play also develops in toddlerhood

• playing in similar ways near each other while watching each other

what about autism spectrum disorders?

• often show delays in attaining social skills or a regression of social skills
  *

Question 5

social development

preschool years

Answer 5

• begin to develop friendships with other children their age
• interact with peers in simple games and incr complex pretend scenarios
• start to develop social hierarchy that will carry them through childhood → adolescence
• children with poorer social skills can be victimized or victimize others via bullying
  
  • can lead to multiple psych disorders: depression, PTSD, anxiety

Question 6

Piaget: cognitive devpt stages and attributes

Answer 6

0-24mo: Piaget’s Sensory-Motor Stage

• explore cause and effect, more sophisticated reasoning
• multiple substages: simple reflex → beginning symbolization

24mo-7yr: preoperational stage

• pretend play, symbolic thought (lang), symbolic reasoning
• egocentric, limited sense of time, unable to consider multiple attributes of items, alogical, reality and imagination are not yet separate
• two substages: symbolic, intuitive thought

7-11yr: concrete operational stage

• logical thinking starts
• principal of conservation
• inductive reasoning
• abstract reasoning still hard

11yr-adult: formal operational stage

• children start to have more adult-like reasoning
• abstract thinking begins

Question 7

development of memory

Answer 7

1. physical
2. procedural: implicit (how to drink from a sippy cup)
3. explicit memory (appears to be tied to lang devpt!)
   
   • start to remember when they start to learn lang, maybe bc lang helps encode info
   • narrative memories start around school age

Question 8

emotional development

Answer 8

infancy: basic pleasure, displeasure

1-2mo: joy

2mo: fear → becomes more specific over time

2-3mo: sadness (nonspecific)

4-6mo: anger

2-3yr: empathy, shame/guilt

*emotional regulation is an imp skill that will need to be taught throughout a child/adolescent devpt

Question 9

psychological development

Answer 9

multiple theories exist

1. psychodynamic (psychosexual)
   * stages: oral, anal, oedipal
2. Eriksonian
   * diff stages based on acquiring skills
3. attachment
   * part of social devpt, potential connection to resilience
4. temperament

• easy, slow to warm up, difficult
• goodness of fit (b/w child and parenting temperament)

Question 10

psychodynamic theory

7 stages, features

Answer 10

oral stage (0-18mo)

• main source of pleasure is ORAL → eating, nursing, exploring environment

anal stage (18-36mo)

• starts with toilet training, pleasure in being able to control bowels

phallic stage (36-48mo)

• main component: exploration of one’s genitals

oedipal stage (4-6yr)

• practicing adulthood through rivalry with same sex parent, attraction to opposite sex parent

latency stage (7-10yr)

• allegedly no significant psychosexual devpt
• occupied with obtaining skills in social, academic, emotional regulation

adolescence (11/12-20yr)

• begins with puberty, sexual reawakening
• 3 stages: early, middle, late

adulthood

Question 11

Eriksonian theory

8 ranges, features

Answer 11

0-18mo : trust vs mistrust

• infants learn to trust caregivers

18mo-3yr : autonomy vs shame

• toddlers begin to be independent, take chances

3-6yr : initiative vs guilt

• ability to be independent, fx without parental help

6-11yr : industry vs inferiority

• competence in school and social skills

12-18yr : identity vs role confusion

• adolescents begin to explore who they are
• ends with knowledge of self/others

18-35yr : intimacy vs isolation

• YAs develop intimate relationships with peers

35-65yr : generativity vs stagnation

• adults settle into employment, raising a family

65yr-death : integrity vs despair

• older adults able to accept their lives

Question 12

morality

Kohlberg

Answer 12

premoral : infancy/toddlerhood

• development of conscience, empathy, magical thinking

Level 1 : preconventional morality (3-6yr)

• Stage 1: avoidance of punishment/obedience
• Stage 2: self serving/self interest/self preservation

Level 2 : conventional morality

• Stage 3: good intentions/social norms
• Stage 4: authority/social order

Level 3: post conventional morality

• Stage 5: social contracts, diff opinions on right/wrong, democracy
• Stage 6: universal ethical principles

Question 13

biobehavioral shifts

Answer 13

major periods of devpt with multiple layers of change

1.) 2-3mo : transition from neonate → baby

• attachment to parents
• emotions/temperament

2.) 7-9mo : exploration of world

• crawling, mobility
• change in cognition

3. ) 18-20mo : language devpt, changing relationship to others
4. ) 3-4yr : early childhood, more independent
5. ) 6-7yr : memory improves, start of formal learning, school starts
   6) . 11-13yr : puberty, major overall devpt of brain structure, devpt of sexuality, devpt of sense of outside world