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Phych 357 > 10/02/2019 First 2 chapters > Flashcards

10/02/2019 First 2 chapters Flashcards

1
Q

David Hume Contributions:

A

Naturalism and Instrumental

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2
Q

Did not believe in INNATE ideas.

you have to have experience

A

Hobbes

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3
Q

We can’t rely on sensations alone.

A

Immanuel KANT

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4
Q

The golden Rule:

A

Immanuel Kant

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5
Q

Immanuel Kant believed:

A

Time and space are innate ideas

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6
Q

Time and space are innate ideas.

A

Immanuel Kant

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7
Q

Argued that primary qualities do not exist.

A

George Berkeley

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8
Q

George Berkeley contributions:

A

Mentalism, Solipsism

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9
Q

All knowledge is function of EXPERIENCING and PERCEIVING with a person. TERM, WHO

A

Berkeley, Mentalism

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10
Q

Mentalism:

A

All knowledge is function of EXPERINCING and perceiving with a person.

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11
Q

Berkeley’s motto:

A

“To exist is to be perceived”

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12
Q

Primary qualities and secondary qualities

A

Galileo Galilei

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13
Q

Primary qualities:

A

Quality, shape, size, position, motion or rest.

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14
Q

Secondary qualities:

A

color, sound temperature, smell taste.

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15
Q

Tubola Raza

A
  • Clean slate

- Locke

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16
Q

Locke Contributions:

A

Empiricism, Liberalism

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17
Q

Consciousness:

A

John Locke

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18
Q

John lock studies:

A

Consciousness

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19
Q

Recognized for two kids of experiences. what are they and who was that>

A
  • John Locke

- Sensation and Reflection

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20
Q

Sensation and reflection

A

John Locke

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21
Q

Sensation:

A

Direct sensory coming from objects

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22
Q

Reflection:

A

Sensory experience

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23
Q

Simple Ideas and Complex ideas

A

John Locke

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24
Q

Primary qualities and secondary qualities 2

A

John Locke

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25
Q

Primary qualities:

A

Size, shape

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26
Q

Secondary qualities:

A

color, odor, taste, sound

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27
Q

Rene Descartes motto:

A

“I think therefore I am”

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28
Q

“I think therefore I am”

A

Rene Descartes

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29
Q

“He is well who is well hidden”

A

Rene Descartes

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30
Q

Rene Descartes Ideas

A

Innate and derived

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31
Q

Rene Descartes contributions:

A

Introspection, cognition, reflexes.

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32
Q

Introspection, reflexes, cognition.

A

Rene Descartes

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33
Q

Mind and body problem

A

Rene Descartes

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34
Q

Before Descartes what was the accepted theory

A

The interaction between mind and body flowed in one direction.

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35
Q

Mind and Body:

A
  • The relationships is not in one direction but rather mutual interaction.
  • The mind can influence the body and the body can influence the mind
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36
Q

Reflex action theory:

A

Undulato reflexa:

A movement that is not supervised or determined by a conscious will to move.

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37
Q

Animal Spirits associated:

A

DESCARTES

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38
Q

Animal Spirits. Explain

A
  • Animal spirits trigger the passions of the soul and cause the body to react.
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39
Q

Cupiditas/ caritas associated with:

A

The Christians.

Augustine

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40
Q

Cupiditas

A

spiritual will. Good intentions, ethical actions, restraint, virtue

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41
Q

Caritas

A

-Carnal will. Excessive desire, violence and greed.

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42
Q

The Romans: Galen

A

First Pneuma
Second Pneuma
Third Pneuma

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43
Q

side note: meaning “soul” or “spirit”.
DEFINITION
Fist Pneuma , second pneuma, third pneuma

A

First Pneuma: Brain (reason)
Second Pneuma: Heart (emotions)
Third Pneuma: Liver (desires)

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44
Q

Holism

A

-Everyone is connected in the world

-

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45
Q

Holism

A
  • Everyone is connected in the world

- Confucius

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46
Q

Guilt, sin, sex

A

Augustine

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47
Q

Who believed on innate ideas:

A

Rene Descartes

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48
Q

Who didn’t believe in innate ideas:

A

DAVID HUME

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49
Q

Empiricism and Materialism

A

Thomas Hobbes

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50
Q

Thomas Hobbes contributions:

A

Empiricism and Materialism

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51
Q

Didn’t believe in divorce:

A

Hume

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52
Q

Confucius contributions:

A

Holism

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53
Q

Holism associated with

A

Confucius

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54
Q

Three dimensions of the world:

A

PLATO

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55
Q

Temperature maters

A

Aristotle

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56
Q

Athymia, Extasis

A

Aristotle

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57
Q

Aristotle contributions

A

Athymia and extasis

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58
Q

Two kinds of knowledge:

A
  • Opinions, recollections

- PLATO

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59
Q

5 SENCES: smell, touch, vision, taste, hearing,

A

Aristotle

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60
Q

Soul is the form but not the body itself

A

Aristotle

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61
Q

Nutrition, perceprion, reason

A

Aristotle, Hylomorphism

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62
Q

Nutrition, perception, reason

A

Aristotle, Hylomorphism

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63
Q

Hylomorphism associated with

A

Aristotle

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64
Q

Three dimentins of the world: who and explain

A
  • PLATO

- Ideal world, Material, psychological

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65
Q

Three dimensions of the world: who and explain

A
  • PLATO

- Ideal world, Material, psychological

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66
Q

Three levels of the SOUL explain:

A

Rational (brain), affective (heart), and desirous (abdomen)

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67
Q

We must understand our emotions in order to make the right choices and be free of our wishes

A

Spinoza

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68
Q

God is the highest substance, humans are part of nature

A

Spinoza

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69
Q

The central element is substance

A

Spinoza

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70
Q

Psychological parallelism – physical and mental processes develop in parallel courses

A

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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71
Q

Did not believe in innate ideas or divorce

A

Hume

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72
Q

2 persons who did not believe on innate ideas

A

Hume and Hobbes

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73
Q

Suicide should not be condemned

A

HUMME

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74
Q

Superstitions: sleepwalk= molestation by the devil
Witchcraft: 80% of women more vulnerable and devil

A

Popular (folk) Knowledge

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75
Q
  • The principles, methods and philosophical issues of historical research.
  • Psych depends on history
A

Historiography

76
Q

Intelectual climate or spirit of the times- as well as current social, economic and political forces

A

Zeitgeist

77
Q

The self is the only entity that can be known and verified

A
  • Solipsism (Berkeley)
78
Q

Visual depth of perception

A

Berkeley

79
Q

Idealism

A

PLATO

80
Q

Sensation, emotion, intellect, volition

A

Scientific knowledge

81
Q

The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of experimentation by the laws of chemistry and physics

A

Mechanism (Galileo Galilei)

82
Q

The doctrine that explains phenomena on the level (such as complex ideas) in the terms of phenomena on another level ( such as simple ideas)

A
  • Reductionism

- Hobbes

83
Q
  • Peer review
  • controversy
  • social status, prestige, and power
  • gender and ethnicity
A

Historiography

84
Q
  • The “spirit of times”. or the spirit of the times

- social climate

A

Zeitgeist

85
Q

What are the 4 types of knowledge in psychology?

A
  • Popular knowledge
  • scientific knowledge
  • legal knowledge
  • Ideological knowledge
86
Q

Reoccurring themes?

A
  • Mind and body problem
  • Nature vs Nurture
  • Theorist practitioner debate
87
Q

Technology built to imitate human action and movements

A
  • Automata

- china

88
Q

Mind and body problem:

A
  • Relate on one another

- Descartes

89
Q

What was the prevailing though before Descartes came along? about mind and body. (1)

A
  • The interaction between mind and body flowed in one direction.
90
Q

What was the prevailing though before Descartes came along? about mind and body (2)

A

The mid was believed to be responsible not only for THOUGHT and REASON but for REPRODUCTION, PERCEPRION, and MOVEMENT.

91
Q

The mind has a single function:

A
  • That is t hought
  • Descartes
92
Q

Materialism. who?

A

Hobbes

93
Q

The doctrine that explains the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in terms by EXISTANCE and NATURE OF MATTER

A

Materialism

94
Q
  • Explaining the process by breaking them down to interaction of elements.
    TERM, WHO?
A
  • Hobbes

- REDUCTIONALISM

95
Q

-Soul is the form but not the body itself
-matter + form
- NUTRITION, PERCEPRION AND REASON
TERM, WHO?

A
  • ARISTOTLE

- HYLOMORPHISM

96
Q
  • Study of nature and scope
  • Analyses the nature of the knowledge
    TERM, WHO?
A
  • RENE DESCARTES

- EPISTEMOLOGY

97
Q

EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED IN THE WORLD

TERM, WHO?

A
  • HOLLISM

- CONFUCUS

98
Q

Pneuma. Who?

explain the pneumas

A
  • GALEN

- Brain (reason), heart (emotions), liver (desires)

99
Q

Cupiditas/ caritas. who?

A

Augustine

100
Q

Tubo la rasa

A
  • Clean slate

- Locke

101
Q

Body and mind are independent but interacting substances. Mind body problem
idealism, dualism or ???
TERM, WHO?

A
  • Dualism

- Descartes

102
Q

Soul is the prime substance

TERM, WHO?

A
  • Idealism

- DESCARTES

103
Q

Substance; the soul is a function of the body.

sensory organs, there is nothing in the mind that hadn’t been there prior to sensation.

A
  • MATERIALISM

- HOBBES

104
Q

Phrenology

who?

A

GALL

105
Q
  • Different cranial size and shape explains behavior

- who? term

A

Phrenology, GALL

106
Q

Provided hope for objective materialistic analysis of the mind. Term, who
hint: Different cranial size and shape explains behavior

A

Phrenology, GALL

107
Q

Nonsense syllables:

who

A

Ebbinghaus

108
Q
  • Learning to criterion- repeating the material as many times as necessary to reach a certain level of accuracy.
    who?
A
  • Ebbinghaus
109
Q 
Found: 
-Primacy and recency effects
-overlearning helped retention
-small chunks is better than cramping
WHO?
A

Ebbinghaus

110
Q

Phycological proceses are reflexes.

-led to the research of where in the nervous system certain processes happen.

A

Sechnov

111
Q
  • Phycological proceses are reflexes.

- led to the research of where in the nervous system certain processes happen.

A

Sechenov

112
Q

Studying mental processes from the standpoint of ETHICS, LOGIC, and METAPHYSICS .
-Term

A

Mental philosophy

113
Q
  • Mind is a steam
  • steam has drops
  • Drops are elementary foundation
  • Drops form connections
  • Connections represent a steam of thought
  • Becomes an association
A

Mental philosophy

114
Q
  • A technique for demanding the function of a given part of an animals brain by removing or destroying it and observing the resulting behavior changes.
  • TERM, WHO
A
  • HALL

- EXTIRPATION

115
Q

Posthumous examination of the brain structures to detect damaged areas assumed to be responsible for behavioral conditions that existed before the person died.
- who, term

A
  • Clinical method

- Paul Broca

116
Q

A technique for studying the brain. Involves the use of electrical currents to explore the cerebral cortex.
- term, who?

A
  • Electrical stimulation

- Fritch and Hitzig

117
Q

Repeat: A technique for exploring the cerebral cortex with weak electrical current to observe MOTOR RESPONSES.
who, term

A
  • Electrical Stimulation

- Fritch and Hitzig

118
Q

Repeat -Different cranial size and shape explains behavior.

  • shape of a persons skull revealed his or her intellectual and emotional characteristics.
  • term, who?
A
  • Phrenology

- GALL

119
Q

contributions: Investigations of the speed of the neural impulse and his research on vision and hearing.
- invented ophthalmoscope
- Color vision: Trichromatic theory
- who?

A

Helmholtz

120
Q

Invented Ophthalmoscope

A

Helmholtz

121
Q
  1. INVENTED WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND RADIO

2. Invented Ophthalmoscope

A

HELMHOLTZ

122
Q
  • Optical illusions: we can see them but still be tricked by them.
  • Self observation: all scientists should be excellent observers
A

Helmholtz

123
Q
  • Hay fever, color blindness, reaction time, optic occurs.

- who?

A

Helmholtz

124
Q

Revised and extended a theory of COLOR VISION

A

Helmholtz

125
Q

Did NOT believe in conducting experiments, only on collecting data

A

Helmholtz

126
Q

His primary research interest was the physiology of SENSE ORGANS.

A

WEBER

127
Q

Contributions: sense of organs, cutaneous (skin) senses

and muscular sensation.

A

Weber

128
Q

Two-point threshold:

-who?

A

Weber

129
Q

The distance between two points before the subject reports feeling two distinct sensations.

A
  • weber

- two point threshold

130
Q

-Repeat: The pong in which the two separate sources of stimulations can be distinguished

A
  • Two point threshold
131
Q

Weber contributions:

A
  • Two- point threshold
  • Just noticeable difference
  • Thresholds
  • Measurement on sensation
132
Q
  • Two- point threshold
  • Just noticeable difference
  • Thresholds
  • Measurement on sensation
A

Weber contributions:

133
Q

The smallest difference between weights that could be detected.

A

Just noticeable difference

134
Q

“Day-view”

“ Dr. Mises”

A

Fechner

135
Q

Seriously injured his eyes by looking directly at the sun with colored glasses.

A

Fechner

136
Q
  • He had a dream in which the 77 appeared…
A

Fechner

137
Q
  • The amount of sensation ( the mental quality) depends on the amount of stimulation (physical quality).
  • who?
A

Fechner

138
Q

Proposed two ways to measure sensation:

  1. we can determine whether a stimulus is present or absent, sensed or nor sensed
  2. we can measure stimulus intensity at which subjects report that the sensation first occurs; this is the ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD of sensitivity.
    - WHO
A

Fechner

139
Q
  • A point of intensity below which no sensation is reported and above which subjects experience sensation
A
  • Fechner

- Absolute threshold

140
Q

Fechner contributions:

A

Differential threshold, absolute threshold

141
Q
  • The relationship between the mental (psych) and the (physics).
    term? Who?
A
  • Psychophysics

- Gustav Theodor Fechner

142
Q

Founder of Psychophysics. Who?

A

Gustav Theodor Fechner

143
Q
  • Relates to the relationship between the sensation and the accompanying brain and the nerve excitation.
  • who?, what part? term?
A
  • Gustav Theodor Fechner
  • Psychophysics
  • Inner Psychophysics
144
Q

The relationship between stimulus and subjective intensity of the sensation.
- who?, what part? term?

A
  • Gustav Theodor Fechner
  • Psychophysics
  • Outer Psychophysics
145
Q
  • Founding father of psychology
A

WUNDT

146
Q
  • Areas investigated: SENSATION, ATTENTION, FEELING, REACTION TIME, PERCEPTION, ASSOSIATION, APPERCEPTION
A

WUNDT

147
Q

Color vision: Trichromatic theory

A

Helmholtz

148
Q

Separate receptor systems on the retina are responsive to each of the three primary colors:
red, yellow, blue-violet/.

A

Color vision: Trichromatic theory

149
Q

Created first psych lab in Leipzig University

- who

A

Wundt

150
Q

Taught the first graduate student

- who?

A

Wundt

151
Q

Had three goals for psych.

- who?

A

Wundt

152
Q

3 goals for psych:

  1. Analyst of the elements of consciousness
  2. Finding the manner of connection of those elements
  3. Finding the law of this consciousness
    - who?
A

Wundt

153
Q

Created a doctoral program in Experimental psych.

- who?

A

Wundt

154
Q

Because he focused on the minds self organizing capacity he labeled his system volunteerism.
- who?

A

Wundt

155
Q

Introspection

WHO (2)?

A

SOCRATES (FOUNDER), Wundt CONTRIBUTED ONLY

156
Q

Introspection.

- term

A

examining ones own mental state “Internal perception”

157
Q

examining ones own mental state “Internal perception”

A

Introspection

158
Q

In physics, ______ had been used to study LIGHT and SOUND.

- TERM, WHO?

A

introspection

- Socrates, Wundt

159
Q

In physiology, _______ had been applied to research on the SENSE ORGANS.
- Term, who?

A

introspection

- Socrates, Wundt

160
Q

The process by which mental elements are organized.

- who, term?

A

Apperception, Wundt.

161
Q

investigate the immediate experiences of consciousness, including sensations, feelings, volitions, and ideas; it also contained the concept of apperception, or conscious perception.

A

Wundt

162
Q

Nonsense syllables.

- who?

A

Ebbinghaus

163
Q

Presented in meaningless series to study memory process.

- who, term?

A

Ebbinghaus

Nonsense syllables

164
Q

First psychologist to investigate learning and memory experimentally.
- who?

A

Ebbinghaus

165
Q

Learning to criterion: who?

A
  • Repeating the material as many times as necessary to reach a certain level of accuracy.
  • Ebbinghaus
166
Q
  • Found:
  • Primacy and recency effects
  • Overlearning helped retention
  • small chunks is better than cramming
A

Ebbinghaus

167
Q

Wundt psychology was experimental, _______ was Empirical.

- who?

A
  • Empirical

- Brentano

168
Q

Contributions of Brentano:

A
  • act of psychology
  • Relied on systematic observation
  • mental acts
169
Q

Advanced two ways to study mental acts:

who, (2) what?

A
  1. Through memory
  2. Thought of imagination
    Brentano
170
Q

Educated in philosophy and Law

A

Stumpf

171
Q

Argued that the primary data for psychology are PHENOMENA. who?

A

Stumpf

172
Q

Contributed to Phenomenology

A

Stumpf

173
Q

who was Wundt major rival?

A

Stumpf

174
Q

“Kind mother” b/c he was always ready to help students with their problems in Wundt’s lab.

A

KULPE

175
Q
  • KULPE

- Participants analyze their experience after the experiment

A

Systematic experimental introspection

176
Q

Systematic experimental introspection.

who?

A

Kulpe

177
Q

Systematic experimental introspection, imageless thought.

who?

A

Kulpe

178
Q

Contributions:
1. Structuralism:
2. Introspection
- Nature of elements and their association is important
- Observation is not just looking, involves rigorous training.
- Was stuck in his world of introspection
who?

A

Titchener

179
Q

WOMEN NOT ALLOWED

A

Titchener

180
Q

First woman to earn a degree in psychology?

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

181
Q

Titchener’s first doctoral student

A

Washburn

182
Q

First woman to be admitted to National academy of sciences

A

Washburn

183
Q

completed her requirements for a PHD in mathematics but denied it because she was a woman. Awarded 44 years later

A

Christine Ladd Franklin

184
Q

Contributions: Stimulus error

who?

A

Titchener

185
Q

Posed 3 essential problems for psych

A

Titchener

186
Q 
Theory on color vision:
involves 3 stages:
- Achromatic
- Blue- yellow
-Red- green
A

Christine Ladd Franklin

187
Q

almost fragile because its the last to evolve

what color? who?

A
  • Red- green almost fragile because its the last to evolve

- Christine Ladd Franklin

Phych 357 (7 decks)

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