10/02/2019 First 2 chapters Flashcards
David Hume Contributions:
Naturalism and Instrumental
Did not believe in INNATE ideas.
you have to have experience
Hobbes
We can’t rely on sensations alone.
Immanuel KANT
The golden Rule:
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant believed:
Time and space are innate ideas
Time and space are innate ideas.
Immanuel Kant
Argued that primary qualities do not exist.
George Berkeley
George Berkeley contributions:
Mentalism, Solipsism
All knowledge is function of EXPERIENCING and PERCEIVING with a person. TERM, WHO
Berkeley, Mentalism
Mentalism:
All knowledge is function of EXPERINCING and perceiving with a person.
Berkeley’s motto:
“To exist is to be perceived”
Primary qualities and secondary qualities
Galileo Galilei
Primary qualities:
Quality, shape, size, position, motion or rest.
Secondary qualities:
color, sound temperature, smell taste.
Tubola Raza
- Clean slate
- Locke
Locke Contributions:
Empiricism, Liberalism
Consciousness:
John Locke
John lock studies:
Consciousness
Recognized for two kids of experiences. what are they and who was that>
- John Locke
- Sensation and Reflection
Sensation and reflection
John Locke
Sensation:
Direct sensory coming from objects
Reflection:
Sensory experience
Simple Ideas and Complex ideas
John Locke
Primary qualities and secondary qualities 2
John Locke
Primary qualities:
Size, shape
Secondary qualities:
color, odor, taste, sound
Rene Descartes motto:
“I think therefore I am”
“I think therefore I am”
Rene Descartes
“He is well who is well hidden”
Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes Ideas
Innate and derived
Rene Descartes contributions:
Introspection, cognition, reflexes.
Introspection, reflexes, cognition.
Rene Descartes
Mind and body problem
Rene Descartes
Before Descartes what was the accepted theory
The interaction between mind and body flowed in one direction.
Mind and Body:
- The relationships is not in one direction but rather mutual interaction.
- The mind can influence the body and the body can influence the mind
Reflex action theory:
Undulato reflexa:
A movement that is not supervised or determined by a conscious will to move.
Animal Spirits associated:
DESCARTES
Animal Spirits. Explain
- Animal spirits trigger the passions of the soul and cause the body to react.
Cupiditas/ caritas associated with:
The Christians.
Augustine
Cupiditas
spiritual will. Good intentions, ethical actions, restraint, virtue
Caritas
-Carnal will. Excessive desire, violence and greed.
The Romans: Galen
First Pneuma
Second Pneuma
Third Pneuma
side note: meaning “soul” or “spirit”.
DEFINITION
Fist Pneuma , second pneuma, third pneuma
First Pneuma: Brain (reason)
Second Pneuma: Heart (emotions)
Third Pneuma: Liver (desires)
Holism
-Everyone is connected in the world
-
Holism
- Everyone is connected in the world
- Confucius
Guilt, sin, sex
Augustine
Who believed on innate ideas:
Rene Descartes
Who didn’t believe in innate ideas:
DAVID HUME
Empiricism and Materialism
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes contributions:
Empiricism and Materialism
Didn’t believe in divorce:
Hume
Confucius contributions:
Holism
Holism associated with
Confucius
Three dimensions of the world:
PLATO
Temperature maters
Aristotle
Athymia, Extasis
Aristotle
Aristotle contributions
Athymia and extasis
Two kinds of knowledge:
- Opinions, recollections
- PLATO
5 SENCES: smell, touch, vision, taste, hearing,
Aristotle
Soul is the form but not the body itself
Aristotle
Nutrition, perceprion, reason
Aristotle, Hylomorphism
Nutrition, perception, reason
Aristotle, Hylomorphism
Hylomorphism associated with
Aristotle
Three dimentins of the world: who and explain
- PLATO
- Ideal world, Material, psychological
Three dimensions of the world: who and explain
- PLATO
- Ideal world, Material, psychological
Three levels of the SOUL explain:
Rational (brain), affective (heart), and desirous (abdomen)
We must understand our emotions in order to make the right choices and be free of our wishes
Spinoza
God is the highest substance, humans are part of nature
Spinoza
The central element is substance
Spinoza
Psychological parallelism – physical and mental processes develop in parallel courses
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Did not believe in innate ideas or divorce
Hume
2 persons who did not believe on innate ideas
Hume and Hobbes
Suicide should not be condemned
HUMME
Superstitions: sleepwalk= molestation by the devil
Witchcraft: 80% of women more vulnerable and devil
Popular (folk) Knowledge
- The principles, methods and philosophical issues of historical research.
- Psych depends on history
Historiography
Intelectual climate or spirit of the times- as well as current social, economic and political forces
Zeitgeist
The self is the only entity that can be known and verified
- Solipsism (Berkeley)
Visual depth of perception
Berkeley
Idealism
PLATO
Sensation, emotion, intellect, volition
Scientific knowledge
The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of experimentation by the laws of chemistry and physics
Mechanism (Galileo Galilei)
The doctrine that explains phenomena on the level (such as complex ideas) in the terms of phenomena on another level ( such as simple ideas)
- Reductionism
- Hobbes
- Peer review
- controversy
- social status, prestige, and power
- gender and ethnicity
Historiography
- The “spirit of times”. or the spirit of the times
- social climate
Zeitgeist
What are the 4 types of knowledge in psychology?
- Popular knowledge
- scientific knowledge
- legal knowledge
- Ideological knowledge
Reoccurring themes?
- Mind and body problem
- Nature vs Nurture
- Theorist practitioner debate
Technology built to imitate human action and movements
- Automata
- china
Mind and body problem:
- Relate on one another
- Descartes
What was the prevailing though before Descartes came along? about mind and body. (1)
- The interaction between mind and body flowed in one direction.
What was the prevailing though before Descartes came along? about mind and body (2)
The mid was believed to be responsible not only for THOUGHT and REASON but for REPRODUCTION, PERCEPRION, and MOVEMENT.
The mind has a single function:
- That is t hought
- Descartes
Materialism. who?
Hobbes
The doctrine that explains the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in terms by EXISTANCE and NATURE OF MATTER
Materialism
- Explaining the process by breaking them down to interaction of elements.
TERM, WHO?
- Hobbes
- REDUCTIONALISM
-Soul is the form but not the body itself
-matter + form
- NUTRITION, PERCEPRION AND REASON
TERM, WHO?
- ARISTOTLE
- HYLOMORPHISM
- Study of nature and scope
- Analyses the nature of the knowledge
TERM, WHO?
- RENE DESCARTES
- EPISTEMOLOGY
EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED IN THE WORLD
TERM, WHO?
- HOLLISM
- CONFUCUS
Pneuma. Who?
explain the pneumas
- GALEN
- Brain (reason), heart (emotions), liver (desires)
Cupiditas/ caritas. who?
Augustine
Tubo la rasa
- Clean slate
- Locke
Body and mind are independent but interacting substances. Mind body problem
idealism, dualism or ???
TERM, WHO?
- Dualism
- Descartes
Soul is the prime substance
TERM, WHO?
- Idealism
- DESCARTES
Substance; the soul is a function of the body.
sensory organs, there is nothing in the mind that hadn’t been there prior to sensation.
- MATERIALISM
- HOBBES
Phrenology
who?
GALL
- Different cranial size and shape explains behavior
- who? term
Phrenology, GALL
Provided hope for objective materialistic analysis of the mind. Term, who
hint: Different cranial size and shape explains behavior
Phrenology, GALL
Nonsense syllables:
who
Ebbinghaus
- Learning to criterion- repeating the material as many times as necessary to reach a certain level of accuracy.
who?
- Ebbinghaus
Found: -Primacy and recency effects -overlearning helped retention -small chunks is better than cramping WHO?
Ebbinghaus
Phycological proceses are reflexes.
-led to the research of where in the nervous system certain processes happen.
Sechnov
- Phycological proceses are reflexes.
- led to the research of where in the nervous system certain processes happen.
Sechenov
Studying mental processes from the standpoint of ETHICS, LOGIC, and METAPHYSICS .
-Term
Mental philosophy
- Mind is a steam
- steam has drops
- Drops are elementary foundation
- Drops form connections
- Connections represent a steam of thought
- Becomes an association
Mental philosophy
- A technique for demanding the function of a given part of an animals brain by removing or destroying it and observing the resulting behavior changes.
- TERM, WHO
- HALL
- EXTIRPATION
Posthumous examination of the brain structures to detect damaged areas assumed to be responsible for behavioral conditions that existed before the person died.
- who, term
- Clinical method
- Paul Broca
A technique for studying the brain. Involves the use of electrical currents to explore the cerebral cortex.
- term, who?
- Electrical stimulation
- Fritch and Hitzig
Repeat: A technique for exploring the cerebral cortex with weak electrical current to observe MOTOR RESPONSES.
who, term
- Electrical Stimulation
- Fritch and Hitzig
Repeat -Different cranial size and shape explains behavior.
- shape of a persons skull revealed his or her intellectual and emotional characteristics.
- term, who?
- Phrenology
- GALL
contributions: Investigations of the speed of the neural impulse and his research on vision and hearing.
- invented ophthalmoscope
- Color vision: Trichromatic theory
- who?
Helmholtz
Invented Ophthalmoscope
Helmholtz
- INVENTED WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND RADIO
2. Invented Ophthalmoscope
HELMHOLTZ
- Optical illusions: we can see them but still be tricked by them.
- Self observation: all scientists should be excellent observers
Helmholtz
- Hay fever, color blindness, reaction time, optic occurs.
- who?
Helmholtz
Revised and extended a theory of COLOR VISION
Helmholtz
Did NOT believe in conducting experiments, only on collecting data
Helmholtz
His primary research interest was the physiology of SENSE ORGANS.
WEBER
Contributions: sense of organs, cutaneous (skin) senses
and muscular sensation.
Weber
Two-point threshold:
-who?
Weber
The distance between two points before the subject reports feeling two distinct sensations.
- weber
- two point threshold
-Repeat: The pong in which the two separate sources of stimulations can be distinguished
- Two point threshold
Weber contributions:
- Two- point threshold
- Just noticeable difference
- Thresholds
- Measurement on sensation
- Two- point threshold
- Just noticeable difference
- Thresholds
- Measurement on sensation
Weber contributions:
The smallest difference between weights that could be detected.
Just noticeable difference
“Day-view”
“ Dr. Mises”
Fechner
Seriously injured his eyes by looking directly at the sun with colored glasses.
Fechner
- He had a dream in which the 77 appeared…
Fechner
- The amount of sensation ( the mental quality) depends on the amount of stimulation (physical quality).
- who?
Fechner
Proposed two ways to measure sensation:
- we can determine whether a stimulus is present or absent, sensed or nor sensed
- we can measure stimulus intensity at which subjects report that the sensation first occurs; this is the ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD of sensitivity.
- WHO
Fechner
- A point of intensity below which no sensation is reported and above which subjects experience sensation
- Fechner
- Absolute threshold
Fechner contributions:
Differential threshold, absolute threshold
- The relationship between the mental (psych) and the (physics).
term? Who?
- Psychophysics
- Gustav Theodor Fechner
Founder of Psychophysics. Who?
Gustav Theodor Fechner
- Relates to the relationship between the sensation and the accompanying brain and the nerve excitation.
- who?, what part? term?
- Gustav Theodor Fechner
- Psychophysics
- Inner Psychophysics
The relationship between stimulus and subjective intensity of the sensation.
- who?, what part? term?
- Gustav Theodor Fechner
- Psychophysics
- Outer Psychophysics
- Founding father of psychology
WUNDT
- Areas investigated: SENSATION, ATTENTION, FEELING, REACTION TIME, PERCEPTION, ASSOSIATION, APPERCEPTION
WUNDT
Color vision: Trichromatic theory
Helmholtz
Separate receptor systems on the retina are responsive to each of the three primary colors:
red, yellow, blue-violet/.
Color vision: Trichromatic theory
Created first psych lab in Leipzig University
- who
Wundt
Taught the first graduate student
- who?
Wundt
Had three goals for psych.
- who?
Wundt
3 goals for psych:
- Analyst of the elements of consciousness
- Finding the manner of connection of those elements
- Finding the law of this consciousness
- who?
Wundt
Created a doctoral program in Experimental psych.
- who?
Wundt
Because he focused on the minds self organizing capacity he labeled his system volunteerism.
- who?
Wundt
Introspection
WHO (2)?
SOCRATES (FOUNDER), Wundt CONTRIBUTED ONLY
Introspection.
- term
examining ones own mental state “Internal perception”
examining ones own mental state “Internal perception”
Introspection
In physics, ______ had been used to study LIGHT and SOUND.
- TERM, WHO?
introspection
- Socrates, Wundt
In physiology, _______ had been applied to research on the SENSE ORGANS.
- Term, who?
introspection
- Socrates, Wundt
The process by which mental elements are organized.
- who, term?
Apperception, Wundt.
investigate the immediate experiences of consciousness, including sensations, feelings, volitions, and ideas; it also contained the concept of apperception, or conscious perception.
Wundt
Nonsense syllables.
- who?
Ebbinghaus
Presented in meaningless series to study memory process.
- who, term?
Ebbinghaus
Nonsense syllables
First psychologist to investigate learning and memory experimentally.
- who?
Ebbinghaus
Learning to criterion: who?
- Repeating the material as many times as necessary to reach a certain level of accuracy.
- Ebbinghaus
- Found:
- Primacy and recency effects
- Overlearning helped retention
- small chunks is better than cramming
Ebbinghaus
Wundt psychology was experimental, _______ was Empirical.
- who?
- Empirical
- Brentano
Contributions of Brentano:
- act of psychology
- Relied on systematic observation
- mental acts
Advanced two ways to study mental acts:
who, (2) what?
- Through memory
- Thought of imagination
Brentano
Educated in philosophy and Law
Stumpf
Argued that the primary data for psychology are PHENOMENA. who?
Stumpf
Contributed to Phenomenology
Stumpf
who was Wundt major rival?
Stumpf
“Kind mother” b/c he was always ready to help students with their problems in Wundt’s lab.
KULPE
- KULPE
- Participants analyze their experience after the experiment
Systematic experimental introspection
Systematic experimental introspection.
who?
Kulpe
Systematic experimental introspection, imageless thought.
who?
Kulpe
Contributions:
1. Structuralism:
2. Introspection
- Nature of elements and their association is important
- Observation is not just looking, involves rigorous training.
- Was stuck in his world of introspection
who?
Titchener
WOMEN NOT ALLOWED
Titchener
First woman to earn a degree in psychology?
Margaret Floy Washburn
Titchener’s first doctoral student
Washburn
First woman to be admitted to National academy of sciences
Washburn
completed her requirements for a PHD in mathematics but denied it because she was a woman. Awarded 44 years later
Christine Ladd Franklin
Contributions: Stimulus error
who?
Titchener
Posed 3 essential problems for psych
Titchener
Theory on color vision: involves 3 stages: - Achromatic - Blue- yellow -Red- green
Christine Ladd Franklin
almost fragile because its the last to evolve
what color? who?
- Red- green almost fragile because its the last to evolve
- Christine Ladd Franklin
