1. Types of Digestive Systems and Organ Functions Flashcards
Def. Digestive process carried out by enzymes that the animal secretes into the digestive tract
Auto-enzymatic
Def. Digestive processes are accomplished in large part by enzymes produced by microbes inhabiting the GIT, in addition to animal-derived secretions
Allo-enzymatic
Auto-enzymatic examples?
Allo-enzymatic examples?
Auto: Humans, dogs, pigs, cats, poultry
Allo: Sheep, goats, cattle, deer, horse
Def. Single compartment stomach, no modifications, inability to digest roughage efficiently
Monogastric
Enzymes in swine saliva?
Salivary amalyse (starch digestion) and lingual lipase (hydrolyzes fats, milkfat digestion)
Def. Muscular tube connecting mouth to stomach
Esophagus
Two functions of stomach?
Storage and processing
Four regions within the simple stomach?
Esophageal region: extension of esophagus
Cardiac region: mucus glands, protects stomach lining from being digested
Fundic region: major gastric secretions, chemical processing
Pyloric region: secretes the hormone gastrin which stimulates mucus and contractions
____ may develop from excessive acid production of bacteria
Ulcers
The Fundic region secretes _____
Hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells.
And Pepsinogen from the chief cells, which is later converted to pepsin when combined with HCl
Three sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
Duodenum primary functions?
Recieve bile from the gall bladder, panreatic juices and enzymes, and secretes enzymes and enzyme activators
The most active site of nutrient DIGESTION?
Duodenum mucosal epithelial glands (secrete enzymes)
98% of bile is recycled back to the liver, synthesized by the liver, stored in the ____ ______.
Gall bladder
What is bile made of?
Pigments, bile salts, and cholesterol
The most active site of nutrient ABSORPTION?
Jejunum (ONLY SITE OF PROTEIN ABSORPTION)
Functions of the Ileum?
Reabsorb bile, absorb any escaping nutrients.
Less active than duodenum and jejunum
Three sections of the Large Intestine?
Cecum, colon, and Rectum
Def. Largest section of the Large Intestine?
Colon
Surface of colon doesn’t have villi but has cels called ___________ instead.
Colonocytes
Purpose of the colon?
Primarily water and vitamin absorption, bacteria fermentation, secretes mucus and HCO3
Def. Serves as a barrier between a site of absorption and outside offenders. Last section senses the pressure of the solidified residue and the need for defecation.
Rectum
Def. Out-pocket of the esophagus, provides storage for consumed food, moistens and softens food
Crop
Def. Gastric stomach of poultry, ingesta passes through rapidly, proceeds to gizzard
Proventriculus
Def. Thick muscular wall for mechanical particle size reduction, grinds, primary site of mechanical digestion
Gizzard
Major site of nutrient digestion and absorption in auto-enzymatic avian digestors and ruminants?
Small intestine
Def. 2 blind pouches that slow the rate of passage and house microbial ecosystems. Controls infections
Ceca
Primary site of infection with coccidia?
Ceca
Def. Located at the terminal end of the large intestine is a chamber into which urinary and genital canals open
Cloaca
Microbial activity is pre-gastric in _______ and post-gastric in ________.
Ruminants
Horses and other non-ruminant herbivores
Def. The process of regurgitation, re-mastication, re-salivation, and re-swallowing of food
Rumination
Def. Mass of regurgitated ingesta; bolus
Cud
Def. Enzymatic breakdown of nutrient substances by microorganisms
Fermentation
Four components of a ruminant foregut?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
Def. Large hollow muscular compartment that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis
Rumen (AKA THE FERMENTATION TANK)
Primary microbial consortium of the rumen consists of?
Bacteria: provides vitamins, proteins, and energy
Protozoa: degrade feed nutrients similar to bacteria
Fungi: breaks down fiber
Methanogens: reduce atmosphere and hydrogen sink
Def. Primary energy source of the ruminant. This is their most important contribution to the ruminant
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
Def. The foremost region of the foregut; not completely separated from the rumen, near the esophageal opening
Reticulum
Tissue of the reticulum is arranged like a _______
Honeycomb
Def. Functions to channel milk directly to omasum and abomasum bypassing the underdeveloped rumen
Reticular groove
Def. “butcher’s bible” spherical organ filled with folds and studded with papillae. Located on the right side of the animal
Omasum
Def. “true gastric stomach” in ruminants. Secretes gastric juices and enzymes
Abomasum
Three sites of energy absorption in ruminants?
Rumen, small intestine, large intestine
Def. Monogastric herbivore
Hindgut fermenter
Hindgut fermenter small intestine is ___ ft in length and holds about ____ gallons
70 ft; 12 gallons
HIndgut fermenters have no ________ because they did not evolve to be meat eaters and storage of bile was not needed
Gall bladder
Large intestine of hindgut fermenters is composed of _____, _____, _____, _______.
Cecum, colon, small colon, and rectum
Def. Contains active microbial ecosystem resulting in fermentation. (Hindgut fermenter)
Cecum and large colon
Def. Primary area of water resorption
Small colon
Hingut fermenters may practice ______ in protein limiting situations.
Caprophagy (consume feces)
