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Animal Nutrition > 1. Nutrients, Water, and the Cell > Flashcards

1. Nutrients, Water, and the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Def. Long tube from mouth to anus through which feed passes following consumption as it subjected various digestive processes

A

Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) or alimentary tract

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2
Q

Def. Taking in of feed or water. Prehensile structures = lips

A

Prehension

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3
Q

Def. Reduction of feed particle size; generally by chewing. Teeth and hard pallet of the mouth

A

Mastication

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4
Q

Def. Casting up of undigested materials

A

Regurgitation

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5
Q

Def. Break down of feed particles into suitable products for absorption

A

Digestion

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6
Q

Types of Digestion?

A

Mechanical force, chemical reaction, or enzymatic activity

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7
Q

Def. Transfer of substances from GIT to the circulating blood or lymph system

A

Absorption

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8
Q

Def. Removal of wastes

A

Excretion

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9
Q

Def. Growth or building process

A

Anabolism

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10
Q

Def. Breakdown or destruction reactions

A

Catabolism

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11
Q

Def. Combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body with the liberation of energy

A

Metabolism

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12
Q

Def. A substance used in the support of nourishment, ex. glucose, fiber, protein

A

Substrate

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13
Q

Def. A substance, produced by a living organism, which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

A

Enzyme

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14
Q

Def. The process of gathering, processing, using, and responding to nutrients for health and growth

A

Nutrition

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15
Q

Def. Any feed constituent that functions in the support of life

A

Nutrient

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16
Q

Def. Lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, not biologically able to use the nutrients consumed

A

Malnutrition

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17
Q

Def. The proportion of a substance that is able to be absorbed into general circulation, ex. magnesium

A

Bioavailabilty

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18
Q

Why do we study nutrition?

A

About 60% of diseases are metabolically related, because humans are consumers of livestock, profitability of livestock

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19
Q

Why do we feed nutrients?

A

To get a desired response, performance (lactation, gestation, growth, wool, leather…)

20
Q

The goal is to (maximize/optimize performance.

A

Optimize

21
Q

___ % of a production budget goes to feeding.

A

70%

22
Q

What is the cheapest, most abundant, and most necessary nutrient?

A

Water

23
Q

_____ contain ___% water, the most held in our body

A

Muscles, 75%

24
Q

What are the 4 organic matters? What is the 1 inorganic matter?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins.
Minerals

25
Q

Animals deprived of water will decrease their feed intake by ___%.

A

50%

26
Q

Def. Compounds that contain carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Produced by or associated with living organisms.

A

Organic matter

27
Q

Def. Do not contain carbon, produced by non-living organisms.

A

Inorganic matter

28
Q

What are the consequences of water loss?

A

(2%) Strong thirst, Impaired performance, diffuculty concentrating, dizziness, muscle spasms, death (20%)

29
Q

Water is ___% intracellular and ____% extracellular.

A

66% intracellular, 33% extracellular

30
Q

What are the sources of water? Starting with the most important.

A

Fresh drinking water, water contained in food, metabolic water (water produced when our body is breaking down food)

31
Q

Functions of water?

A

Transports nutrients and waste, part of many metabolic reactions, gives shape to cells, lubricates and cushions joints and organs, acid-base regulation, maintenance of body temperature

32
Q

Sources of water loss? Sensible and insensible losses.

A

Sensible losses (easily measured): urine, feces, lactation.
Insensible losses: Lungs (ventilation) and Skin (perspiration)

33
Q

Dietary factors that affect water requirements?

A

Increased water intake: Dietary intake, dietary protein, dietary salt/minerals, indigestible fiber, accessibility
Decreased water intake: dietary moisture

34
Q

Environmental or Physiological factors that affect water requirements?

A

Temperature, Gestation, Lactation, Work, Age, Disease, Livestock species

35
Q

Factors that reduce water quality?

A

Nitrates, flouride, heavy metals, sulfates, chlorides, etc, pesticides, hydrocarbons, bacteria, algae

36
Q

“Total dissolved solids” ideal range?
“Total dissolved solids” safe range?
“Total dissolved solids” avoid range?

A

Less than 500 ppm
Less than 1,000 ppm
7,000-10,0000 ppm

37
Q

Factors that reduce water quantity?

A

Confined animals, drought, high heat/freezing temps, animals faced with deficiencies

38
Q

Def. Selectively-permeable barrier, that controls the entry and exit of substances. Controlled by the lipid bilayer, concentration gradients, and membrane-bound transporters

A

Cell membrane

39
Q

Def. The fluid portion of the inner cell, mostly water, allows for easy movement of molecules

A

Cytosol

40
Q

Def. Only one in the cell, contains DNA and thus controls cell activities and mitosis

A

Nucleus

41
Q

Def. Site of the production and assembly of ribosome components

A

Nucleolus

42
Q

Def. Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis, site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

Def. A double membrane-bound organelle, site of aerobic respiration which produces large quantities of chemical energy (ATP) from organic compounds

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Def. A system of membranes involved in the transport of minerals between organelles and shares part of its membrane with the nucleus

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

45
Q

Def. An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes involved in the sorting, modifying, and packaging of proteins that can be used by the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

46
Q

Def. organelle produced by the Golgi that degrade material or digest obsolete components. And releases important enzymes

A

Lysosome

47
Q

Def. Primarily important in the role of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation when the body is using fat as a fuel source

A

Peroxisome

Animal Nutrition (5 decks)

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