1. Nutrients, Water, and the Cell Flashcards
Def. Long tube from mouth to anus through which feed passes following consumption as it subjected various digestive processes
Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) or alimentary tract
Def. Taking in of feed or water. Prehensile structures = lips
Prehension
Def. Reduction of feed particle size; generally by chewing. Teeth and hard pallet of the mouth
Mastication
Def. Casting up of undigested materials
Regurgitation
Def. Break down of feed particles into suitable products for absorption
Digestion
Types of Digestion?
Mechanical force, chemical reaction, or enzymatic activity
Def. Transfer of substances from GIT to the circulating blood or lymph system
Absorption
Def. Removal of wastes
Excretion
Def. Growth or building process
Anabolism
Def. Breakdown or destruction reactions
Catabolism
Def. Combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body with the liberation of energy
Metabolism
Def. A substance used in the support of nourishment, ex. glucose, fiber, protein
Substrate
Def. A substance, produced by a living organism, which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Enzyme
Def. The process of gathering, processing, using, and responding to nutrients for health and growth
Nutrition
Def. Any feed constituent that functions in the support of life
Nutrient
Def. Lack of proper nutrition caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, not biologically able to use the nutrients consumed
Malnutrition
Def. The proportion of a substance that is able to be absorbed into general circulation, ex. magnesium
Bioavailabilty
Why do we study nutrition?
About 60% of diseases are metabolically related, because humans are consumers of livestock, profitability of livestock
Why do we feed nutrients?
To get a desired response, performance (lactation, gestation, growth, wool, leather…)
The goal is to (maximize/optimize performance.
Optimize
___ % of a production budget goes to feeding.
70%
What is the cheapest, most abundant, and most necessary nutrient?
Water
_____ contain ___% water, the most held in our body
Muscles, 75%
What are the 4 organic matters? What is the 1 inorganic matter?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins.
Minerals
Animals deprived of water will decrease their feed intake by ___%.
50%
Def. Compounds that contain carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Produced by or associated with living organisms.
Organic matter
Def. Do not contain carbon, produced by non-living organisms.
Inorganic matter
What are the consequences of water loss?
(2%) Strong thirst, Impaired performance, diffuculty concentrating, dizziness, muscle spasms, death (20%)
Water is ___% intracellular and ____% extracellular.
66% intracellular, 33% extracellular
What are the sources of water? Starting with the most important.
Fresh drinking water, water contained in food, metabolic water (water produced when our body is breaking down food)
Functions of water?
Transports nutrients and waste, part of many metabolic reactions, gives shape to cells, lubricates and cushions joints and organs, acid-base regulation, maintenance of body temperature
Sources of water loss? Sensible and insensible losses.
Sensible losses (easily measured): urine, feces, lactation.
Insensible losses: Lungs (ventilation) and Skin (perspiration)
Dietary factors that affect water requirements?
Increased water intake: Dietary intake, dietary protein, dietary salt/minerals, indigestible fiber, accessibility
Decreased water intake: dietary moisture
Environmental or Physiological factors that affect water requirements?
Temperature, Gestation, Lactation, Work, Age, Disease, Livestock species
Factors that reduce water quality?
Nitrates, flouride, heavy metals, sulfates, chlorides, etc, pesticides, hydrocarbons, bacteria, algae
“Total dissolved solids” ideal range?
“Total dissolved solids” safe range?
“Total dissolved solids” avoid range?
Less than 500 ppm
Less than 1,000 ppm
7,000-10,0000 ppm
Factors that reduce water quantity?
Confined animals, drought, high heat/freezing temps, animals faced with deficiencies
Def. Selectively-permeable barrier, that controls the entry and exit of substances. Controlled by the lipid bilayer, concentration gradients, and membrane-bound transporters
Cell membrane
Def. The fluid portion of the inner cell, mostly water, allows for easy movement of molecules
Cytosol
Def. Only one in the cell, contains DNA and thus controls cell activities and mitosis
Nucleus
Def. Site of the production and assembly of ribosome components
Nucleolus
Def. Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis, site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Def. A double membrane-bound organelle, site of aerobic respiration which produces large quantities of chemical energy (ATP) from organic compounds
Mitochondria
Def. A system of membranes involved in the transport of minerals between organelles and shares part of its membrane with the nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Def. An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes involved in the sorting, modifying, and packaging of proteins that can be used by the cell
Golgi apparatus
Def. organelle produced by the Golgi that degrade material or digest obsolete components. And releases important enzymes
Lysosome
Def. Primarily important in the role of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation when the body is using fat as a fuel source
Peroxisome
