1. TREE BIOLOGY WORKBOOK QUESTIONS Flashcards
What are the sites of rapid cell division in shoot tips, root tips, and cambium called?
Meristems
What are the meristems located at the end of roots and shoots called?
Apical meristems
What is the tendency for terminal buds to inhibit the growth of lateral buds called?
Apical dominance
What part of a tree is known as the ‘food factory’?
Leaves
Uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis
What is also produced during photosynthesis besides sugars?
Oxygen
What pigment gives leaves their green color and is necessary for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What is the process of water vapor loss from leaves called?
Transpiration
What structure on the underside of leaves allows gas exchange by opening and closing?
Stomata
What part of the tree transports water and dissolved minerals?
Xylem
What part of the tree transports carbohydrates?
Phloem
What is the layer of meristematic cells located between the xylem and phloem?
Cambium
What forms when trunk tissue grows around branch tissues?
Branch collar
What structure forms at the branch union as the branch and trunk tissues expand against each other?
Branch bark ridge
What protects the branches and trunk of a tree from mechanical injury and desiccation?
Bark
What are the four main functions of the root system?
a. Anchorage
b. Storage
c. Absorption
d. Conduction
The sugar products of photosynthesis are sometimes referred to as?
Photosynthates
What is the orientation of growth in response to an external stimulus called?
Tropism
What are two examples of tropism?
Phototropism and geotropism
What does CODIT stand for?
Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees
Trees with upright growth and a strong central leader exhibit what type of growth?
Excurrent growth
Trees that are more rounded and broader than they are tall exhibit what type of growth?
Decurrent growth
What are roots and fungi that form a symbiotic relationship aiding in mineral and water uptake called?
Mycorrhizae
What is the process in which chemical energy stored as sugar and starch is released?
The process by which organisms break down glucose and oxygen to release energy.
Respiration
Trees that lose their leaves in the autumn are called?
Deciduous
Trees that maintain their leaves for more than one year are called?
Evergreens
What is a plant growth regulator?
A class of plant hormones, primarily known for promoting cell elongation and growth.
Auxin
What is the green pigment found in leaves?
Chlorophyll
What is the waxy covering of a leaf?
Cuticle
What is the ‘stalk’ of a leaf?
Petiole
What are cells that cross the phloem and xylem for radial transport?
Ray
What is the term for the space between nodes on a stem?
Internode
What are small openings in stems for gas exchange?
Lenticels
What are mature, green leaves that produce sugars called?
Source
What are plant parts that consume stored carbohydrates called?
Sink
What is the correct order of structures when cutting through a tree?
Bark, phloem, cambium, xylem
If the terminal bud is removed in pruning, what happens?
Growth is stimulated in lateral buds
Why are the growth rings of trees visible?
Because of anatomical differences between earlywood and latewood
Which layer of cells is responsible for outward trunk growth and increased girth of a tree?
Cambium
What are mycorrhizae?
A symbiotic relationship between fungi and roots
CODIT Walls 1,2,3
Reaction Zone
Wall 1 resists Longitudinal spread of decay
Wall 2 resists inward spread of decay
Codit Wall 4
Barrier Zone (strongest wall)
Protects against outward spread of decay
Thin-walled, LIVING cells capable of dividing and essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage. Found in both Angiosperm and Gymnosperms sapwood. More abundant in ANGIOSPERMS
Parenchyma Cells
Conduct water and provide mechanical support, are elongated, closed-ended DEAD cells. Found in the xylem.
Tracheid Cells
Some trees form vessels early in the growing season and narrower vessels later in the season.
Ring Pourus (Elm, Oak, Ash)
Some trees form and produce vessels of uniform size throughout the growing season.
pores (vessels) are evenly distributed and of similar size throughout the annual growth ring
Diffuse Pourus (Maple, Planetree, Linden)
Most absorbing roots are found in the upper __inches of soil
12
What are the 3 regions of root tip anatomy?
Differentiation
Elongation
Meristematic
The vascular tissues of monocots are in ______, scattered throughout the stem.
Bundles
Root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis.
Lateral Root
The xylem produced by the cambium during secondary growth is called secondary xylem and is more commonly referred to as ______.
Wood
If a tree’s heartwood is exposed by large cuts, then _______.
a. there will be an immediate
active response
b. the tree will be unable to
form woundwood
c. the tree will have to rely
on pre-existing defense
mechanisms
d. the potential for decay will be reduced
c. the tree will have to rely
on pre-existing defense
mechanisms
Reverse osmosis between the soil and plant cells can be a result of which of the following
conditions?
(A) Excessive levels of potassium
(B) Excessive salts in the soil structure
(C) Shallow root system
(D) Acidic soil PH
(B) Excessive salts in the soil structure
The primary conducting elements in angiosperms such as maple and oak. They can be thought of as stacks of dead, open-ended, hollow cells that. form long tubes for conducting water.
Vessels (more efficient at water conduction than tracheids)
This is the primary method of long-distance transport within a tree, moving resources vertically along the main axis of the plant.
Axial Transport
