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Biology - Unit 1-4 > 1. Structure of DNA and RNA > Flashcards

1. Structure of DNA and RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA is made from which monomer?

A

Mononucleotides (or just nucleotides)

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2
Q

Name the 3 components of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group

Pentose sugar

Organic base (containing nitrogen)

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3
Q

In DNA, which base complements guanine?

A

cytosine

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4
Q

In RNA, which base complements adenine?

A

uracil

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5
Q

In DNA, which base complements thymine?

A

adenine

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6
Q

Idenitfy the 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms ofthe deoxyribose molecule.

A

Idenitfy the 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms ofthe deoxyribose molecule.

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7
Q

Identify the molecule.

A

Ribose

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8
Q

In RNA, which base complements guanine?

A

cytosine

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9
Q

In DNA, which base complements cytosine?

A

guanine

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10
Q

In RNA, which base complements uracil?

A

adenine

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11
Q

Which atoms will react to join the two nucleotides?

A

Which atoms will react to join the two nucleotides?

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12
Q

What shape does a molecule of DNA take?

A

A double helix

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13
Q

In DNA, which base complements adenine?

A

thymine

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14
Q

DNA is a stable molecule because…

A
  • The phosphodiester backbone protects the chemically reactive base pairs.
  • C-G base pairs contain 3 hydrogen bonds, so the more C-G base pairs in a DNA molecule the more stable it is.
  • Interactive forces between base pairs add further stability (‘base stacking’)
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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between Cytosine and Guanine in a DNA molecule?

A

3

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16
Q

Name the bond that forms between the 2 nucleotides of a dinucleotide.

A

Phosphodiester bond

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17
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

To transfer genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.

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18
Q

How is DNA adapted to carry out its function as a means of passing genetic information from generation to generation?

A
  • Very stable - rarely mutates
  • Hydrogen bonds between strands easy to separate for replication and protein synthesis.
  • Very long - carries a lot of genetic information.
  • Base pairs protected from chemical/physical forces by phosphodiester backbone.
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19
Q

Describe how are 2 DNA nucleotides form a dinucleotide

A

A condensation reaction occurs between the hydroxyl (OH) group on the 3’ carbon of Deoxyribose on 1 nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of the phosphate group on another nucleotide.

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20
Q

In RNA, which base complements cytosine?

A

guanine

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21
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between Adenine and Thymine in a DNA molecule?

A

2

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22
Q

How are the 2 strands of DNA that make up the double helix held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between complementary organic bases

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23
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

To carry genetic information

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24
Q

Name the 2 nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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25
Q

Identify the molecule.

A

Phosphoric Acid

(phosphate)

26
Q

Name the organic bases that can become part of a DNA nucleotide

A

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

27
Q

The phosphate group, pentose sugar and organic base of a DNA or RNA nucleotide are joined through which type of reaction?

A

Condensation reaction

28
Q

The phosphate group attaches to which carbon atom of a ribose or deoxyribose molecule when forming a nucleotide?

A

The 5’ carbon atom (pronounced 5 prime)

29
Q

Name the organic bases that can become part of a RNA nucleotide

A

Adenine

Uracil

Cytosine

Guanine

30
Q

Identify the molecule.

A

Deoxyribose

31
Q

Describe how2 RNA nucleotides form a dinucleotide

A

A condensation reaction occurs between the hydroxyl (OH) group on the 3’ carbon of Ribose on 1 nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of the phosphate group on another nucleotide.

32
Q

Which type of bond are the arrows pointing at?

A

Phosphodiester bond

33
Q

If the bases on one strand of DNA are TGGAGACT, determine the base sequence on the other strand.

A

ACCTCTGA

34
Q

If 19.9% of the base pairs in human DNA are guanine, calculate the percentage that is Thymine. Show your reasoning.

A

30.1%

If 19.9% is guanine -19.9% is cytosine as it is paired with it.

19.9 + 19.9 = 39.8%.

The remaining DNA is made from Adenine and Thymine, which is 60.2%. Thymine = 60.2% divided by 2 = 30.1%.

35
Q

what is meant by degenerate when talking about the genetic code?

A

more than one triplet for each amino acid

36
Q

What is meant by the term non overlapping when talking about the genetic code?

A

each base only read the once

37
Q

How do the organic bases help to stabilise structure of DNA?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs holds two strands together;
  2. Many hydrogen bonds provides strength;
38
Q

Function of DNA helicase?

A

break H bonds between bases

39
Q

Function of DNA polymerase?

A

join nucleotides together/reforrms phosphodiester backbone

40
Q

Give 2 differences between the nucleotide in ATP (nucleotide derivative) and the nucleotides inDNA

A
  1. ATPhas 3 phosphates DNA 1 phosphate group per nucleotide
  2. ATP has ribose, DNA deoxyribose
  3. ATP - base always adenine, DNA it varies
41
Q

Name the bone between the deoxyribose and the phosphate in a nucleotide

A

phosphodiester

42
Q

Amount of hydrogen bonds between A and T

A

2

43
Q

Polynucleotides

A

3 components join by condensation reactions to form nucleotidesNucleotides join to make polynucleotides with phosphodiester linksDNA stores the genetic code as a sequence of nitrogenous BASES

44
Q

DNA key points

A

made of two antiparallel polynucleotide chainsBackbone chains are made from alternating sugar phosphate groups joined by a phosphodiester bond2 chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous basesbases contain nitrogen as well as carbon,hydrogen and oxygen

45
Q

How is a polynucleotide suited to its function

A

Large molecule to store a lot of genetic information

46
Q

How are polynucleotide chains held together by weak hydrogen bonds between bases

A

As each hydrogen bond is WEAK, polynucleotide chains can be easily separated. As there a LOT of hydrogen bonds collectively they STABILISE the HELIX.

47
Q

How is a double helix adapted to its function

A

Genetic code of nitrogenous bases protected in the centre

48
Q

How is the sugar phosphate backbone suited to its function

A

Adds stability to the double helix

49
Q

How does the purine base always pairs with a pyrimidine base suited to its function

A

Means the 2 strands are parallel and allows DNA to be replicated and transfer information

50
Q

RNA

A

also a polynucleotidesugar is ribosecontains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymineIt is a single polynucleotide chain and can fold back on itself if complementary bases form HYDROGEN bondsMuch SHORTER than DNA

51
Q

mRNA

A

Carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

52
Q

tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message

53
Q

rRNA

A

Forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome

54
Q

Relationship between DNA, mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA

A

DNA - too large to leave nucleus. RNA carries GENETIC code to the RIBOSOMES in the CYTOPLASM and is used to help synthesise protein

55
Q
A
56
Q

Structure of DNA

A

The components of a DNA nucleotide are deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine.A DNA molecule is a double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs.

57
Q

Structure of DNA

A

The components of a DNA nucleotide are deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine.A DNA molecule is a double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs.

58
Q

Structure of RNA

A
  • The components of an RNA nucleotide are ribose, a phosphate group and one of the organic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil.An RNA molecule is a relatively short polynucleotide chain.1 STRAND
59
Q

Structure of tRNA

A

Transfer RNA has a cloverleaf shape. It is made from a single strand of RNA which folds due to base pairing to form this unusual shape. It has a triplet anti-codon site and an attachment site for a specific amino acid.
There are hydrogen bonds between some of the complementary bases

60
Q

Structure of mRNA

A
  • mRNA is a single-stranded molecule
  • It is made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone and exposed unpaired bases
  • Uracil bases are present instead of thymine bases (which are found in DNA)
61
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A
  1. Polymer of nucleotides;
  2. Each nucleotide formed from deoxyribose, a phosphate (group) and an organic/nitrogenous base;
  3. Phosphodiester bonds (between nucleotides);
  4. Double helix/2 strands held by hydrogen bonds;
  5. (Hydrogen bonds/paining) between adenine, thymine and cytosine, guanine

Biology - Unit 1-4 (65 decks)

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