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Micr 350 > 1. Structure and function > Flashcards

1. Structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three morphologies of bacterial cells and what shape are they?

A

coccus - spherical
rod/bacillus - cylindrical
spirillum - curved or spiral

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2
Q

What are the four cellular arangements?

A

single
diplo
Strepto
Staphylo

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3
Q

How do some bacteria get their name?

A

combining arrangement with morphology

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4
Q

In a bacterial cell, how many chromosomes do they have?

A

one

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5
Q

What shape is DNA in, in a bacterial cell?

A

circular

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6
Q

What area of the bacterial cell is the DNA and plasmids in?

A

nucleoid

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7
Q

What type of ribosome do bacteria have?

A

70S

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8
Q

What type of mitochondria do archaea have?

A

70S

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9
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

organelles used for protein production

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10
Q

What is the structure of inclusion bodies?

A

thin membrane bound granules in cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is the function of inclusion bodies?

A

storage to reduce osmotic stress in cell

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12
Q

What is volutin, which is a phosphate storage, an example of?

A

inclusion bodies

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13
Q

What is the structure of gas vesicles?

A

conical shaped, gas filled vesicles made of protein

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14
Q

What is the function of gas vesicles?

A

confer buoyancy in planktonic cells

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15
Q

Are water and solutes able to enter gas vesicles?

A

no

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16
Q

What is the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

double layer of fatty acids

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17
Q

Where is the cytoplasmic membrane located?

A

Around the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What are the three functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A
  1. separate it from the environment
  2. selective permeability
  3. site of energy production
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19
Q

What is the transport of selective permeable membranes facilitated by?

A

membrane proteins

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20
Q

Where are transport proteins located?

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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21
Q

What is the structure of glycocalyx and the different arrangement types?

A

polysaccharides
thick or thin. rigid or flexible

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22
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyxs?

A

capsules and slime layers

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23
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

attachment, biofilm formation, and added protection from dehyrdations and attackers

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24
Q

What is the arrangement of the capsule clycocalyx?

A

tight attachment and matrix

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25
Q

What is the arrangement of the slime layer glycocalyx?

A

loose attachment and matrix

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26
Q

What is the structure of fimbriae and pili?

A

filamentous protein

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27
Q

Are fimbriae or pili longer and less numerous?

A

pili

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28
Q

What is the function of fimbriae?

A

attachment to surfaces and other cells

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29
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

genetic exchange or attachment/gliding motility

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30
Q

What is the structure of prokaryotic flagella?

A

a lot of proteins

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31
Q

What is the function of prokaryotic flagella?

A

locomotion

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32
Q

What is the directed movement of prokaryotic flagella?

A

spinning like a motor

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33
Q

When prokaryotic flagella move counterclockwise, what is it called?

A

run

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34
Q

When prokaryotic flagella move clockwise, what is it called?

A

tumble

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35
Q

What is the flagella of a gram negative bacteria like?

A

ring like structures through cytoplasm, peptidoglycan and outer membrane

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36
Q

What is the flagella of a gram positive bacteria like?

A

rings through plasma membrane and thick peptidoglycan

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37
Q

What type of flagella are the flagella of spirochetes?

A

axial filaments

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38
Q

What is the function of spirochetes’ flagella?

A

causes bacterium to corkscrew, or rotate

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39
Q

Where is the flagella of spirochetes located?

A

periplasm

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40
Q

Why does the flagella of spirochetes have to corkscrew?

A

help the movement through viscous media

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41
Q

What is taxis movement?

A

directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients, detected by control sensors

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42
Q

What is brownian movement?

A

movement due to the environment

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43
Q

What type of motion do eukaryotic flagella make?

A

wave

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44
Q

What are the two types of bacteria?

A

gram positive and gram negative

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45
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

used to easily and quickly tell bacteria groups apart

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46
Q

What color does gram positive turn when stained?

A

purple

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47
Q

What color does gram negative turn when stained?

A

pink

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48
Q

What three structures do gram negative and gram positive cells have in common?

A

plasma membrane
periplasm
peptidoglycan

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49
Q

What is the periplasm of gram bacteria?

A

space between selectively permeable barriers

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50
Q

Is the periplasm more pronounced in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

gram negative

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51
Q

What is contained in the perisplasm space?

A

proteins, essential nutrients, transport apparatus, hydrogen ions

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52
Q

What is the structure of peptidolgycan?

A

sugar and amino acids in a mesh like structure

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53
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycan?

A

support cells during osmotic stress

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54
Q

Is the peptidoglycan thicker in gram positive or gram negative cells?

A

gram positive

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55
Q

What two structures are unique to gram positive cells?

A

teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids

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56
Q

What are teichoic acids function?

A

contribute to negative charge of the cell and cell wall structure

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57
Q

Where are teichoic acids in gram positive cells?

A

bound to peptidolgycan layer

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58
Q

Where are lipoteichoic acids in gram positive cells?

A

boudn to membrane lipids

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59
Q

What is the function of lipoteichoic acids in gram positive cells?

A

regulate cell wall enzymes

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60
Q

What two structures are unique to gram negative cells?

A

second outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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61
Q

What is the function of LPS in gram negative cells

A

barrier against harmful agents, increase negative charge, stabilize the outer membrane

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62
Q

What is the structure of the LPS in a gram negative cell?

A

core polysaccharide, o-polysaccharide and Lipid A

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63
Q

What does LPS replace most of in the gram negative cell?

A

lipids in outer membrane

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64
Q

Which bacteria cell contains mycoplasmas?

A

gram positive

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65
Q

What is the function of mycoplasmas in gram positive bacteria?

A

contain sterols in the membrane to stabilize

66
Q

What is the structure of acid fast ?

A

waxy lipid bound to peptidoglycan

67
Q

What is the function of acid-fast cell walls?

A

increaed protection from environement

68
Q

Are gram negative or gram positive cells easier to penetrate?

A

gram positive

69
Q

Why are grama negative cell harder to penetrate?

A

they have to penetrate the second outer membrane

70
Q

Does gram negative or gram positive membranes have more transport proteins?

A

gram negative

71
Q

From inside to outside, what are the three layers of the gram positive cell?

A

plasma membrane
periplasmic space
peptidoglycan

72
Q

From inside to outside, what are the five layers of the gram negative cell?

A

plasma membrane
periplasmic space
peptidoglycan
periplasmic space
outer membrane

73
Q

What force gives prokaryotic flagella the energy to move?

A

proton motive force

74
Q

What are the four steps of endospore formation?

A

vegetative cell
sporulation
endospore
germinate

75
Q

What happens during the vegetative cell phase of endospore formation?

76
Q

What happens during the sporulation phase of endospore formation?

A

replicates and creates more layers to become a mature endospore ready for hibernation

77
Q

What happens during the endospore phase of endospre formation?

A

hibernation and protection of DNA

78
Q

What happens during the germination phase of endospore formation?

A

comes out of hibernation and uses stored carbon sources

79
Q

Where are endospores found?

A

bacillus and clostridium genera and other soil bacteria

80
Q

What is the main function of endospores?

81
Q

What features are endospores resistant to?

A

heat, chemicals and radiation

82
Q

do endospores grow while in their dormant stage?

83
Q

What features allow endospores to survive extreme conditions for long periods of time?

A

high calcium content, dipicolinic acid, low water content

84
Q

What is structure of endospores?

A

exosprium, spore coats, core wall, cortex, core

85
Q

What is the function of the nucelus?

A

houses DNA genome

86
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

produce ATP and site of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation

87
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondria?

A

double membrane

88
Q

What is the cristae of a mitochondria?

A

folded internal membrane that hold enzymes for respiration

89
Q

What is the matrix of a mitochondria?

A

inner space containing enzymes for citric acid cycle

90
Q

What type of animal are mitochondria found in?

A

aerobic eukaryotes

91
Q

What type of animal are hydrogenosomes found in?

A

anaerobic protozoan

92
Q

What is the function of hydrogenosomes?

A

oxidation of pyruvate to H2, Ho2, and acetate and produce ATP

93
Q

What is the structure of hydrogenosomes?

A

similar to mitochondria, but no citric acid cycle

94
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

modify lipids and proteins

95
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesize molecules

96
Q

What organisms are chloroplasts found in?

A

phototropic eukaryotes

97
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis and Calvin cycle

98
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

double membrane and stroma

99
Q

What is the stroma in chloroplasts?

A

inner space containing enzymes for calvin cycle

100
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

101
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

internal network for transportation and support

102
Q

What is the structure of flagella and ciliia?

A

multi protein complex with a microtubules core and dynein arms

103
Q

What type of movement do flagella and cilia perform?

104
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane and sterols?

A

protection

105
Q

Are algae single celled or multi cellular?

106
Q

What are the cell walls of algae made up of?

A

cellulose or silica

107
Q

Are protozoa single or multi cellular?

108
Q

Do protozoa have cell walls?

109
Q

What are the two cell forms of protozoa?

A

trophozoite and cyst

110
Q

What is the active form of protozoa?

A

trophozoite

111
Q

Are fungi single or multi cellular?

112
Q

What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?

113
Q

What are the two cell forms of fungi?

A

yeast and mold

114
Q

How would you cellularly categorize yeast?

A

single celled

115
Q

How would you cellularly categorize mold?

A

multicellular

116
Q

What is in the cell wall of fungi?

A

ergosterol

117
Q

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a smaller cell size?

A

prokaryotes

118
Q

What is unique about archaeal cell surface structures?

A

they have a hamus

119
Q

What is a hamus/hami?

A

grappling hook

120
Q

What is the structure of a hamus?

A

resemble pili except for a barbed end to attach to surfaces

120
Q

What is the function of a hamus?

A

attachment and biofilm formation

121
Q

What do only bacteria cells have in their membrane?

A

peptidoglycan

122
Q

What is the only domain with membrane bound organelles?

A

eukaryotes

123
Q

What three things are common in archaeal cell walls?

A

pseudomurein
s-layers
polysaccharide polymers

124
Q

What type of ether linkages do archaeal cytoplamsic membranes have?

A

ether linkages in phospholipids

125
Q

In archaeal cytoplasmic membranes, lipids have what instead of fatty acids?

126
Q

What two things make up pseudomurein in archaeal cell walls?

A

NGA and NAT

127
Q

Is pseudomurein susceptible to chemicals/enzymes that affect peptidoglycan?

128
Q

What is the most common cell wall type of archaea?

129
Q

What is the structure of s-layers?

A

protein or glycoprotein

130
Q

What is alwasy the outermost layer in archaeal cell walls?

131
Q

Is the polysaccharide polymers of archaeal cell walls thin or thick?

132
Q

What is the structure of archaeal flagella?

A

multiple filament proteins

133
Q

How does the archaeal flagella compare to the bacterial flagella?

A

its half the diameter

134
Q

What is the function of archaeal flagella?

135
Q

What type of movement do archaeal flagella do?

A

rotation at variable speed

136
Q

What domain has the highest surface to volume ratio?

A

prokaryotes

137
Q

Why do eukaryotes use organelles to help with transportation?

A

they have a smaller surface to volume ratio

138
Q

How do fimbriae and pili aid a microbe to survive?

A

they give movement to the cell and attach the cell to other cells and surfaces and perform genetic exchange

139
Q

how would loosing pili or fimbriae affect the survival of the cell?

A

they wouldn’t be able to move, attach or reproduce

140
Q

How would loosing capsules(glycocalyx) affect the cell?

A

would loose ability to protect and attach

141
Q

How would loosing LPS in a gram negative cell affect it?

A

would loose its barrier and stability

142
Q

What would happen if cells lost their spores?

A

loose protection for DNA and carbon and energy source

143
Q

What are two characteristics all living cells share?

A

cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes

144
Q

How do eukaryotic chromosomes differ from bacteria and archaea chromosomes?

A

they have several and are linear

145
Q

What is the only cell type with sterols in the membrane

146
Q

What is aerotaxis?

A

response to oxygen

147
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

response to chemicals

148
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

response to light

149
Q

What is osmotaxis?

A

response to ionic strength

150
Q

What is hydrotaxis?

A

response to water

151
Q

What is the dormant form of protozoa?

152
Q

What does dimorphic mean?

A

there are two cell forms

153
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

type of microscope that uses electrons to view images

154
Q

What is light microscopy?

A

uses light to magnify images

155
Q

What is phase contrast microscopy?

A

converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimin to brightness changes in the image

156
Q

define organelle

A

special structure within a cell

157
Q

Define pure culture

A

culture containing a single species of organism

158
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

cell that has a nucleus

159
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

cell that doesn’t have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane

160
Q

What type of linkages do bacteria and eukarya have in their membrane ?

Micr 350 (5 decks)

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