1. Structure and function Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three morphologies of bacterial cells and what shape are they?
A
coccus - spherical
rod/bacillus - cylindrical
spirillum - curved or spiral
2
Q
What are the four cellular arangements?
A
single
diplo
Strepto
Staphylo
3
Q
How do some bacteria get their name?
A
combining arrangement with morphology
4
Q
In a bacterial cell, how many chromosomes do they have?
A
one
5
Q
What shape is DNA in, in a bacterial cell?
A
circular
6
Q
What area of the bacterial cell is the DNA and plasmids in?
A
nucleoid
7
Q
What type of ribosome do bacteria have?
A
70S
8
Q
What type of mitochondria do archaea have?
A
70S
9
Q
What is the function of ribosomes?
A
organelles used for protein production
10
Q
What is the structure of inclusion bodies?
A
thin membrane bound granules in cytoplasm
11
Q
What is the function of inclusion bodies?
A
storage to reduce osmotic stress in cell
12
Q
What is volutin, which is a phosphate storage, an example of?
A
inclusion bodies
13
Q
What is the structure of gas vesicles?
A
conical shaped, gas filled vesicles made of protein
14
Q
What is the function of gas vesicles?
A
confer buoyancy in planktonic cells
15
Q
Are water and solutes able to enter gas vesicles?
A
no
16
Q
What is the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane?
A
double layer of fatty acids
17
Q
Where is the cytoplasmic membrane located?
A
Around the cytoplasm
18
Q
What are the three functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?
A
- separate it from the environment
- selective permeability
- site of energy production
19
Q
What is the transport of selective permeable membranes facilitated by?
A
membrane proteins
20
Q
Where are transport proteins located?
A
cytoplasmic membrane
21
Q
What is the structure of glycocalyx and the different arrangement types?
A
polysaccharides
thick or thin. rigid or flexible
22
Q
What are the two types of glycocalyxs?
A
capsules and slime layers
23
Q
What is the function of the glycocalyx?
A
attachment, biofilm formation, and added protection from dehyrdations and attackers
24
Q
What is the arrangement of the capsule clycocalyx?
A
tight attachment and matrix
25
What is the arrangement of the slime layer glycocalyx?
loose attachment and matrix
26
What is the structure of fimbriae and pili?
filamentous protein
27
Are fimbriae or pili longer and less numerous?
pili
28
What is the function of fimbriae?
attachment to surfaces and other cells
29
What is the function of pili?
genetic exchange or attachment/gliding motility
30
What is the structure of prokaryotic flagella?
a lot of proteins
31
What is the function of prokaryotic flagella?
locomotion
32
What is the directed movement of prokaryotic flagella?
spinning like a motor
33
When prokaryotic flagella move counterclockwise, what is it called?
run
34
When prokaryotic flagella move clockwise, what is it called?
tumble
35
What is the flagella of a gram negative bacteria like?
ring like structures through cytoplasm, peptidoglycan and outer membrane
36
What is the flagella of a gram positive bacteria like?
rings through plasma membrane and thick peptidoglycan
37
What type of flagella are the flagella of spirochetes?
axial filaments
38
What is the function of spirochetes' flagella?
causes bacterium to corkscrew, or rotate
39
Where is the flagella of spirochetes located?
periplasm
40
Why does the flagella of spirochetes have to corkscrew?
help the movement through viscous media
41
What is taxis movement?
directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients, detected by control sensors
42
What is brownian movement?
movement due to the environment
43
What type of motion do eukaryotic flagella make?
wave
44
What are the two types of bacteria?
gram positive and gram negative
45
What is a gram stain?
used to easily and quickly tell bacteria groups apart
46
What color does gram positive turn when stained?
purple
47
What color does gram negative turn when stained?
pink
48
What three structures do gram negative and gram positive cells have in common?
plasma membrane
periplasm
peptidoglycan
49
What is the periplasm of gram bacteria?
space between selectively permeable barriers
50
Is the periplasm more pronounced in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
gram negative
51
What is contained in the perisplasm space?
proteins, essential nutrients, transport apparatus, hydrogen ions
52
What is the structure of peptidolgycan?
sugar and amino acids in a mesh like structure
53
What is the function of peptidoglycan?
support cells during osmotic stress
54
Is the peptidoglycan thicker in gram positive or gram negative cells?
gram positive
55
What two structures are unique to gram positive cells?
teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
56
What are teichoic acids function?
contribute to negative charge of the cell and cell wall structure
57
Where are teichoic acids in gram positive cells?
bound to peptidolgycan layer
58
Where are lipoteichoic acids in gram positive cells?
boudn to membrane lipids
59
What is the function of lipoteichoic acids in gram positive cells?
regulate cell wall enzymes
60
What two structures are unique to gram negative cells?
second outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
61
What is the function of LPS in gram negative cells
barrier against harmful agents, increase negative charge, stabilize the outer membrane
62
What is the structure of the LPS in a gram negative cell?
core polysaccharide, o-polysaccharide and Lipid A
63
What does LPS replace most of in the gram negative cell?
lipids in outer membrane
64
Which bacteria cell contains mycoplasmas?
gram positive
65
What is the function of mycoplasmas in gram positive bacteria?
contain sterols in the membrane to stabilize
66
What is the structure of acid fast ?
waxy lipid bound to peptidoglycan
67
What is the function of acid-fast cell walls?
increaed protection from environement
68
Are gram negative or gram positive cells easier to penetrate?
gram positive
69
Why are grama negative cell harder to penetrate?
they have to penetrate the second outer membrane
70
Does gram negative or gram positive membranes have more transport proteins?
gram negative
71
From inside to outside, what are the three layers of the gram positive cell?
plasma membrane
periplasmic space
peptidoglycan
72
From inside to outside, what are the five layers of the gram negative cell?
plasma membrane
periplasmic space
peptidoglycan
periplasmic space
outer membrane
73
What force gives prokaryotic flagella the energy to move?
proton motive force
74
What are the four steps of endospore formation?
vegetative cell
sporulation
endospore
germinate
75
What happens during the vegetative cell phase of endospore formation?
growth
76
What happens during the sporulation phase of endospore formation?
replicates and creates more layers to become a mature endospore ready for hibernation
77
What happens during the endospore phase of endospre formation?
hibernation and protection of DNA
78
What happens during the germination phase of endospore formation?
comes out of hibernation and uses stored carbon sources
79
Where are endospores found?
bacillus and clostridium genera and other soil bacteria
80
What is the main function of endospores?
survival
81
What features are endospores resistant to?
heat, chemicals and radiation
82
do endospores grow while in their dormant stage?
no
83
What features allow endospores to survive extreme conditions for long periods of time?
high calcium content, dipicolinic acid, low water content
84
What is structure of endospores?
exosprium, spore coats, core wall, cortex, core
85
What is the function of the nucelus?
houses DNA genome
86
What is the function of mitochondria?
produce ATP and site of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation
87
What is the structure of a mitochondria?
double membrane
88
What is the cristae of a mitochondria?
folded internal membrane that hold enzymes for respiration
89
What is the matrix of a mitochondria?
inner space containing enzymes for citric acid cycle
90
What type of animal are mitochondria found in?
aerobic eukaryotes
91
What type of animal are hydrogenosomes found in?
anaerobic protozoan
92
What is the function of hydrogenosomes?
oxidation of pyruvate to H2, Ho2, and acetate and produce ATP
93
What is the structure of hydrogenosomes?
similar to mitochondria, but no citric acid cycle
94
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
modify lipids and proteins
95
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
synthesize molecules
96
What organisms are chloroplasts found in?
phototropic eukaryotes
97
What is the function of chloroplasts?
site of photosynthesis and Calvin cycle
98
What is the structure of chloroplasts?
double membrane and stroma
99
What is the stroma in chloroplasts?
inner space containing enzymes for calvin cycle
100
What is the function of lysosomes?
garbage
101
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
internal network for transportation and support
102
What is the structure of flagella and ciliia?
multi protein complex with a microtubules core and dynein arms
103
What type of movement do flagella and cilia perform?
waves
104
What is the function of the cell membrane and sterols?
protection
105
Are algae single celled or multi cellular?
both
106
What are the cell walls of algae made up of?
cellulose or silica
107
Are protozoa single or multi cellular?
single
108
Do protozoa have cell walls?
no
109
What are the two cell forms of protozoa?
trophozoite and cyst
110
What is the active form of protozoa?
trophozoite
111
Are fungi single or multi cellular?
both
112
What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?
chitin
113
What are the two cell forms of fungi?
yeast and mold
114
How would you cellularly categorize yeast?
single celled
115
How would you cellularly categorize mold?
multicellular
116
What is in the cell wall of fungi?
ergosterol
117
Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a smaller cell size?
prokaryotes
118
What is unique about archaeal cell surface structures?
they have a hamus
119
What is a hamus/hami?
grappling hook
120
What is the structure of a hamus?
resemble pili except for a barbed end to attach to surfaces
120
What is the function of a hamus?
attachment and biofilm formation
121
What do only bacteria cells have in their membrane?
peptidoglycan
122
What is the only domain with membrane bound organelles?
eukaryotes
123
What three things are common in archaeal cell walls?
pseudomurein
s-layers
polysaccharide polymers
124
What type of ether linkages do archaeal cytoplamsic membranes have?
ether linkages in phospholipids
125
In archaeal cytoplasmic membranes, lipids have what instead of fatty acids?
isoprenes
126
What two things make up pseudomurein in archaeal cell walls?
NGA and NAT
127
Is pseudomurein susceptible to chemicals/enzymes that affect peptidoglycan?
no
128
What is the most common cell wall type of archaea?
S-layers
129
What is the structure of s-layers?
protein or glycoprotein
130
What is alwasy the outermost layer in archaeal cell walls?
s-layers
131
Is the polysaccharide polymers of archaeal cell walls thin or thick?
thick
132
What is the structure of archaeal flagella?
multiple filament proteins
133
How does the archaeal flagella compare to the bacterial flagella?
its half the diameter
134
What is the function of archaeal flagella?
motility
135
What type of movement do archaeal flagella do?
rotation at variable speed
136
What domain has the highest surface to volume ratio?
prokaryotes
137
Why do eukaryotes use organelles to help with transportation?
they have a smaller surface to volume ratio
138
How do fimbriae and pili aid a microbe to survive?
they give movement to the cell and attach the cell to other cells and surfaces and perform genetic exchange
139
how would loosing pili or fimbriae affect the survival of the cell?
they wouldn't be able to move, attach or reproduce
140
How would loosing capsules(glycocalyx) affect the cell?
would loose ability to protect and attach
141
How would loosing LPS in a gram negative cell affect it?
would loose its barrier and stability
142
What would happen if cells lost their spores?
loose protection for DNA and carbon and energy source
143
What are two characteristics all living cells share?
cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes
144
How do eukaryotic chromosomes differ from bacteria and archaea chromosomes?
they have several and are linear
145
What is the only cell type with sterols in the membrane
eukarya
146
What is aerotaxis?
response to oxygen
147
What is chemotaxis?
response to chemicals
148
What is phototaxis?
response to light
149
What is osmotaxis?
response to ionic strength
150
What is hydrotaxis?
response to water
151
What is the dormant form of protozoa?
cyst
152
What does dimorphic mean?
there are two cell forms
153
What is electron microscopy?
type of microscope that uses electrons to view images
154
What is light microscopy?
uses light to magnify images
155
What is phase contrast microscopy?
converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimin to brightness changes in the image
156
define organelle
special structure within a cell
157
Define pure culture
culture containing a single species of organism
158
What is a eukaryote?
cell that has a nucleus
159
What is a prokaryote?
cell that doesn't have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane
160
What type of linkages do bacteria and eukarya have in their membrane ?
ester
