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Micr 350 > 1. Microbial metabolism > Flashcards

1. Microbial metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

All chemical and physical workings of the cell

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2
Q

Define anabolism

A

assembles smaller molecules into larger macromolecules needed for the cell

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3
Q

Define catabolism

A

Degrades macromolecules into smaller molecules and yields energy

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4
Q

What are the two processes of metabolism?

A

anabolism and catabolism

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5
Q

What are the six basic elements needed for life?

A

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

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6
Q

What are the six macromolecules that make up the cell?

A

protein, lipid, DNA, RNA, polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide

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7
Q

What are the ways that cells transport nutrients into the cell?

A

passive and active transport

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8
Q

Define passive transport

A

molecules moving from a higher to lower concentration with the concentration gradient

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9
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

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10
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

diffusion using a transporter

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11
Q

What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?

A

nonspecific and specific

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12
Q

Is passive transport regulated?

A

yes

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13
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transportation against the concentration gradient

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14
Q

What is the main difference between active and passive transport?

A

active uses energy

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15
Q

What type of energy does active transport use?

A

PMF or ATP

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16
Q

What are the three types of active transport transporters?

A

simple transport, group translocation and ABC system transport

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17
Q

Define simple transport

A

transport driven by proton motive force

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18
Q

What are the two types of simple transport?

A

using a symport or antiport

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19
Q

What is a symport?

A

solute and H+ are co transported in one direction

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20
Q

What is an antiport?

A

solute and H+ are transported in opposite directions

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21
Q

Define group translocation

A

the transported substance is chemically modified

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22
Q

What drives group translocation?

A

energy rich organic compounds

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23
Q

What is an ABC transporter?

A

ATP is used to bind periplasmic proteins to transported substance

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24
Q

How many different systems have been found in prokaryotes using ABC transport?

A

200+

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25
Q

What two proteins are required in ABC transport?

A

transmembrane and ATP hydrolyzing proteins

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26
Q

What are the four critical components a cell uses once resources are inside it?

A

electron or hydrogen carriers, energy rich compounds, enzymes, and substrates

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27
Q

How do electron carriers work in the cell?

A

NAD+ and NADH perform redox reactions without being consumed

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28
Q

What is the intermediary electron carriers use?

A

coenzymes

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29
Q

What do electron carriers allow in the cell to happen?

A

many different donors and acceptors to interact

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30
Q

What happens when energy rich compounds’ bonds break?

A

release energy

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31
Q

What is the structure of enzymes?

A

protein and non-protein

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32
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

increase reaction rate by lowering the activation energy

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33
Q

What is the role enzymes play in the cell?

A

oxidation

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34
Q

Define oxidation

A

movement of electrons

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35
Q

What makes up the metabolic pathways of the cell?

A

enzyme activity

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36
Q

What are the two ways enzymes are regulated by the cell?

A

change in the enzyme number or change in the enzyme itself

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37
Q

How are the number of enzymes expressed regulated?

A

repressed or induced

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38
Q

Define competitive inhibition

A

a normal and a similar substrate compete for the active site on the enzyme

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39
Q

What happens if the competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme?

A

reaction is blocked because the competitive inhibitor isn’t able to become a product

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40
Q

Define noncompetitive inhibition

A

a regulatory molecule binds to the regulatory site on an enzyme changing the shape of the active site and preventing the regulatory molecule from binding

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41
Q

What are the two ways enzymes can be changed?

A

competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

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42
Q

What are the common catabolic pathways?

A

glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain

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43
Q

What catabolic pathways is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

glycolysis

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44
Q

Define substrate level phosphorylation

A

energy rich phosphate bond from organic compound is transferred to ADP making ATP

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45
Q

What happens in glycoslysis?

A

incomplete oxidation of glucose

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46
Q

What pathways use glycolysis?

A

fermentation and respiration

47
Q

What is the formula for glycolysis?

A

glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ = 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH

48
Q

When does the Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

when fermentation doesn’t

49
Q

What happens in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

glucose is fully oxidized and broken down into single carbon molecules

50
Q

What is an example of substrate level phosphorylation in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 ATP being produced

51
Q

What is the importance of the electron carriers in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

generating ATP

52
Q

What is the formula for the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 Acetyle CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FADH+ = 2 ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 4 Co2

53
Q

What part of the cell does the electron transport chain occur in?

A

membrane

54
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

transfer of electrons to generate ATP

55
Q

What catabolitic pathway uses oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ETC

56
Q

How can the ETC become aerobic?

A

if the terminal electron acceptor is oxygen

57
Q

How can the ETC become anaerobic?

A

if sulfate, nitrate, carbon dioxide, ferric iron, or carbonate is the final electron acceptor

58
Q

What is the formula for the electron transport chain?

A

10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + O2 = 34 ATP + H2O + 10NAD+ 2 FADH+

59
Q

Define photophosphorylation

A

light mediated ATP synthesis

60
Q

Define fermentaiton

A

anaerobic catabolism in which organic compounds donate and accept electrons

61
Q

Define respiration

A

aerobic or anaerobic catabolism in which a donor is oxidized with O2 as an electron acceptor

62
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation?

A

recycles electron carrier so glycolysis can keep going

63
Q

What products of fermentation have purpose to the cell?

A

NAD+

64
Q

What is the formula for fermentation?

A

2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH = 2NAD+ + (2 organic acid) or (2 alcohol + Co2)

65
Q

How does the Kreb’s cycle vary between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

change in electron carriers produced

66
Q

Do facultative organisms do respiration or fermentation?

A

both

67
Q

Why do facultative organisms switch between respiration and fermentation?

A

energetic benefit and electron acceptor availability

68
Q

How many ATP are generated during aerobic respiration?

A

38

69
Q

How many ATP are produce during fermentation?

A

2

70
Q

How fast can fermentative bacteria grow?

A

equally as fast as respirating bacteria

71
Q

Define chemolithotroph

A

uses inorganic chemicals as electron donors

72
Q

Describe the process of chemolithorophy

A

oxidation of inorganic electron source, ETC generates PMF, ATP is generataed

73
Q

Is chemolithotroph aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

74
Q

What is oxygenic photophosphorylation?

A

water and light energy go in and oxygen comes out

75
Q

What type of organism does oxygenic photophosphorylation occur in?

A

plants, algae, cyanobacteria

76
Q

What are the types of light pigments in oxygenic photophosphorylation?

A

chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins

77
Q

How is anoxygenic photophosphorylation different than oxygenic photophosphorylation?

A

no oxygen is produced

78
Q

What bacteria use anoxygenic photophosphorylation?

A

green and purple

79
Q

What is chlorophyll replaced with in anoxygenic photophosphorylation?

A

bacteriochlorophyll

80
Q

What is the proton motive force?

A

provides direct power

81
Q

What two things use PMF?

A

flagella and simple active transport

82
Q

What does the proton motive force do?

A

use ATP to push hydrogens outside of the membrane

83
Q

Where does the ETC take place in prokaryotes?

A

plasma membrane

84
Q

Where does the ETC and Kreb’s cycle take place in eukaryotes?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

85
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotes?

A

outside the mitochondria

86
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in plant algae?

A

chloroplast

87
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in cyanobacteria?

A

cytoplasmic membrane

88
Q

What are the two ways monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, nitrogen bases, and vitamins come into the cell?

A

from the outside in the form of nutrients
sythesized through cellular pathways

89
Q

How is carbohydrate biosynthesis used?

A

alternative pathways

90
Q

How are amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids sythesized?

A

some can make them on their own but others aquire them from their diets

91
Q

What is a chemoorganotroph?

A

conserve energy from organic chemicals

92
Q

What is a chemolithotroph?

A

oxidize inorganic compounds

93
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

convert light energy into ATP

94
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

obtain carbon from organic sources

95
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

obtain carbon from Co2

96
Q

Define amphibolism

A

the property of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

97
Q

What two cycles use amphibolism?

A

glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle

98
Q

What is ethanol fermentation important for?

A

alcohol and bread

99
Q

What color pigment are carotenoids?

A

yellow, orange, red

100
Q

What color pigment is chlorophyll?

A

green

101
Q

What color pigment is phycobilins?

A

red, blue-green

102
Q

What are the four major classes of electron carriers used?

A

cytochromes, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, and quinones

103
Q

What is an organic compounds?

A

made from carbon

104
Q

Why is lactic fermentation good for?

A

making of yogurt and cheese

105
Q

What is a lithotroph

A

uses inorganic molecules for energy

106
Q

What is the purpose of mixed acid fermentaiotn?

A

used to make vaccines and vitamins

107
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

conversion of organic nitrogen into nitrogen gas

108
Q

Anabolic pathways use energy created from what?

A

catabolic pathways

109
Q

What are the two strategies of carbon sources?

A

autotroph and heterotroph

110
Q

What are the three stragesies of energy source?

A

organotroph, phototroph, lithotroph

111
Q

What is an organotroph/chemotroph?

A

use organic molecules as their electron donor

112
Q

WHat are the two strageties for electron acceptors?

A

aerobic and anerobic

113
Q

How does an aerobic organism get its electron acceptor?

A

through oxygen

114
Q

How does an anaerobic organism get its electron acceptor?

A

something other than oxygen

Micr 350 (5 decks)

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