1. Microbial growth

Question 1

What two ways do eukaryotic cells divide?

Answer 1

mitosis and meiosis

Question 2

Define mitosis

Answer 2

diploid division of cell creating an exact copy

Question 3

Define meiosis

Answer 3

Haploid division of cell

Question 4

What are the two ways prokaryotes divide?

Answer 4

binary fission and budding

Question 5

Define binary fission

Answer 5

asexual cell division following enlargement of a cell to twice its minimum size

Question 6

Define budding

Answer 6

unequal asexual division to form daughter cell

Question 7

What is the only type of asexual reproduction that is unequal?

Answer 7

budding

Question 8

What environmental factors can affect the cell?

Answer 8

temp
pH
osmotic pressure/moisture
substrate availability

Question 9

What is a positive change in relation to the environment affecting the cell?

Answer 9

increase in growth

Question 10

What is a negative change in relation to the environment affecting the cell?

Answer 10

decrease in growth; death

Question 11

What is stage one of a negative change?

Answer 11

unstable proteins, fluidity of membrane, and stability of nucleic acids

Question 12

Which stage can’t cells come back from in a negative change?

Answer 12

stage two

Question 13

What is stage two in relation to a negative change

Answer 13

denatured protein, disrupted membrane, denature nucleic acids

Question 14

What happens at a microbes minimum optimal temperature?

Answer 14

membrane gelling, and transport processes slow down and growth stops

Question 15

What happens at a microbes maximum optimal temperature?

Answer 15

protein denaturation and collapse of cytoplasmic membrane

Question 16

At what temp are bacterial pathogens optimally growing?

Answer 16

37C

Question 17

How does cold affect micrboes?

Answer 17

doesn’t kill them, but saves them for later

Question 18

What are acidophiles?

Answer 18

microorganisms that like an acidic environment

Question 19

What are alkaliphiles?

Answer 19

microorganisms that like a basic environment

Question 20

What two gases have the most influence on microbial growth?

Answer 20

O2 and Co2

Question 21

How have cells adapted to live with oxygen?

Answer 21

enzymes to neutralize toxic oxygen species and break them down to nontoxic components

Question 22

What is an obligate aerobe?

Answer 22

requires gaseous oxygen in its metabolism

Question 23

What is a facultative organism?

Answer 23

aerobe that doesn’t always need oxygen for its metabolism and can grow without it

Question 24

What is a microaerophile?

Answer 24

doesn’t grow at normal atmospheric concentrations of oxygen but still needs a small amount of it

Question 25

How do strict and obligate anaerobes relate to oxygen?

Answer 25

doesn’t use it in it metabolism

Question 26

How do aerotolerant anaerobes relate to oxygen?

Answer 26

Doesn’t use oxygen in its metabolism

Question 27

What are osmophiles?

Answer 27

live in habitats with a high solute concentration

Question 28

What are xerophiles?

Answer 28

live in dry environements

Question 29

What are halophiles?

Answer 29

live in habitats with high salt concentrations

Question 30

How are cells able to live in hypertonic environments?

Answer 30

pump solutes into cell
synthesize cytoplasmic solutes

Question 31

How do bacteria adapt to hypotonic environments?

Answer 31

cell wall protects them form bursting

Question 32

How do amoeba adapt to hypotonic environments?

Answer 32

water vacuole moves excess water out of the cell

Question 33

What are the two levels growth happens on?

Answer 33

cells grow in size
number of cells increases