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Renal Midterm > 1. Renal Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

1. Renal Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

Kidney location

A

Retroperitoneal between T12-L3 (right side is lower due to liver)

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3
Q

Perinephric fat

A

Adjacent kidney capsule that supports and protects the kidney.. it extends into the renal hilum and pelvis

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4
Q

Renal fascia

A

covers the fat and suprarenal gland. sheaths renal vessels and will continue superiorly w the diaphragmatic fascia

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5
Q

Paranephric fat

A

external to the renal fascia - pararenal fat body

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6
Q

Kidney Capsule

A

Dense irregular CT on the surface of the kidney w/ an inner layer of myofibroblasts

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7
Q

Renal pelvis

A

collect funnel for urine

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8
Q

Renal calyxes

A

Portions of the renal pelvis that will meet with renal papilla of the pyramid to gather filtrates

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9
Q

What various branches will supply the kidney?

A

Renal branches, abdominal branches, iliac branches, gonadal branches, superior vesciular, and pelvic branches

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10
Q

succession of renal arteries through kidney

A

Renal artery –> segmental –> interlobar–>arcuate

–>cortical radiate

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11
Q

Renal innervation

A

Sympathetic: lesser splanchnic (T10-11) and least splanchnic n (T12). lumbar splanchnic nerve (L1-L2)

Para innervation: vagus n

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12
Q

What is found in the cortex?

A

Renal corpuscles, convoluted and straight tubules, and portions of collecting ducts

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13
Q

Cortical (medullary) rays

A

an aggregation of collecting ducts and straight tubules running between corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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14
Q

Renal interstitium

A

fibroblasts will produce erythropoietin depending on O2 levels

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15
Q

Glomerulus

A

tuft of capillaries - fenestrated w/ open pores and have afferent and efferent arterioles

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16
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

also known as bowman’s capsule.

Pareital layer –> simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer –> consists of podocytes
Glomerular space –> contains primary filtrate

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17
Q

Glomerular endothelium

A

Open fenestrations w. a few having pores w. diaphragms
Can generate NO and PGE2 (Angiotensin II promotes)
Have large # of aquaporin water channels

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18
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Between blood and capsular space - has fenestrated capillary endothelium

Has filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes w/ slit diaphragm

Basement membrane - fused basement membarnes of the endothelium and podocytes

19
Q

What does the filtration membrane allow passage of?

A

Water, ions, glucose, AA, and urea

20
Q

What makes up the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Type IV and XVIII collagen, laminin, entactin, and proteoglycans

Creates a chemical barrier w/ strong anti-anionic characteristics

21
Q

What does it mean if albuminia is present in urine?

A

It will not typically be able to pass through the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) so this means there is damage to the membrane

22
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Support cells - remove cell debris and protein aggregates

help control filtration rate

Prevents distension due to high glomerular BP

Secretes growth factors and cytokines in response to injury

Can proliferate in some kidney diseases

23
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

most active in resorption and secretion

Made of simple cuboidal –> columnar epithelium w/ abundant microvilli and mitochondria

24
Q

What transporters are found in the PCT?

A

Na/K+ ATPase, aquaporins, glucose transporters, amino acid transporters

25
Q

Proximal straight tubule

A

Not as tall as PCT, less developed brush border, has high affinity sodium-glucose co-transporters (dGLT1)

26
Q

Loop of henle

A

Sets up the hyperosomotic gradient to draw water into cells adjacent to the capillaries.

27
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Where angiotensin II will influce Na+ absorption

28
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Remove primitive urine from nephrons
Active in water reabsorption

Join to make papillary duct and drain into renal minor calyx

29
Q

Collecting ducts/tubules

A

Target of ADH and aldosterone to increase NA+ reabsorption and water retention

Determine urine osmolarity by reabsorbing water

30
Q

Principal cells

A

Light cells

Target of aldosterone

31
Q

Intercalated cells

A

Dark cells

involved in H+ and bicarbonate transport

32
Q

Glomerulus capillary beds

A

Feed by afferent, drained by efferent

33
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

surround convuluted tubules. arise from efferent arterioles and are lined w/ fenestrated endothelium

helps w/ reuptake of h2o and salt

34
Q

Vasa recta

A

Run w/ loop of henle. arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli.
Descending: continuous
Ascending: fenestrated

35
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Mechanosensory that will secrete renin if BP is low

36
Q

Macular densa

A

On juxtaglomerular apparatus

found on distal end of thick ascending LoH and will monitor salt levels and will signal release of renin if sodium is low

37
Q

Fusiform vesicles

A

fuse w/ plasma membrane when the cell is distended and endocytosed when non-distended

part of transitional epithelium

38
Q

Urothelial plaques

A

Part of transitional epithelium

forms an impermeable barrier w/ uroplakin proteins

39
Q

Trigone

A

Inferior/posterior wall of bladder where ureters and urethra open

40
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

found in bladder, 3 layers of thick smooth muscle

41
Q

Describe the epithelium changes found in the urethra

A

Transitional epithelium – origin
Pseudostratified columnar – majority of urethra
Stratified squamous epithelium - at very distal end

42
Q

Which was is each sphincter a part of?

A

Internal sphincter –> bladder wall

External sphincter –> pelvic floor

43
Q

Three regions of male urethra

A

Prostatic urthera: first. passes through prostate
Membraneous urethra: goes through urogenital diaphragm (what entire female urethra is)
Spongy urethra: passes through length of penis

44
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

cysts form that crush tissue and impede drainage. leads to kidney failure and BP misregulation

Renal Midterm (6 decks)

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