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Psych > 1) Psychopathology > Flashcards

1) Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four definitions of abnormalities?

A

Statistical Infrequency
Deviation from Social Norms
Failure to Function Adequately
Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

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2
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

Qualities that are extremely rare

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3
Q

What is deviation from social norms definition?

A

If someone deviates from socially created norms/ standards of acceptable behaviour.
(such as impoliteness)

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4
Q

What is the failure to function adequately definition?

A

If they cannot function with everyday life.

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5
Q

What is the deviation from ideal mental health definition?

A 
- Jahoda (1958) created a criteria of ideal mental health - Absence of these indicate abnormality.
These are:
- No symptoms of distress
- Accurate self-perception
- Self actualisation
- Ability to cope with stress
- A realistic world view 
- Good self-esteem
- Independent 
- An ability to successfully work, love and enjoy leisure
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6
Q

What does the behavioural approach to explaining phobias involve?

A
  • Classical conditioning

- Operant conditioning

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7
Q

Explain classical conditioning as a way of explaining phobias.

A
  • Explains how a phobia is acquired
    If a NS is paired with an UCS, it produces an UCR of fear.
    The NS will become a CS and produces fear as a CR when the fear is presented
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8
Q

What was Watson and Rayner’s Little Albert experiment (1920)?

A
  • Paired a white rat (NS), with a loud noise (UCS) which produced an UCR of fear in Little Albert.
  • This was repeated and caused Little Albert to develop a CR of fear when presented with the white rat.
  • This shows that a fear response can be classically conditioned from a NS.
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9
Q

Explain operant conditioning as a way of explaining phobias.

A

Explains how phobias are maintained.

  • By avoiding the phobic stimulus
  • Avoidance becomes a negative reinforcer.
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10
Q

What is the behaviourist approach to treating phobias?

A

Systematic Desensitisation and Flooding

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11
Q

What is Systematic Desensitisation?

A
  • Uses counterbalancing to replace fear with relaxation.
  • Based on reciprocal inhibition - a person cannot simultaneously be relaxed and anxious as relaxation inhibits anxiety.
  • They can learn relaxation techniques and then imagine scenes with the phobic stimulus which are rated for anxiety. A hierarchy from least to most feared is constructed.
  • Starts with the least feared scene whilst simultaneously relaxing. Fear has been desensitised when no anxiety is experienced.
    This is repeated with the next scene in the hierarchy until there is no anxiety when imagining the most feared scene.
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12
Q

What is Flooding?

A
  • They learn relaxation techniques and then are exposed to most feared situation for 2/3 hours.
  • There is intense fear initially but the fear response eventually goes away.
  • Therapy is complete when the person reports being fully relaxed.
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13
Q

What does the biological approach to explaining OCD involve?

A
  • The Genetic Explanation

- Neural Explanations

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14
Q

What did Lewis (1936) find out about OCD?

A

(Genetic Explanation)
Lewis observed that 37% of patients with OCD had parents with OCD.
21% of these patients with OCD had siblings with OCD.
This suggests that OCD runs in families, meaning that certain genes make it more likely a person will develop OCD.

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15
Q

What is the Diathesis-Stress-Model in explaining OCD?

A

(Genetic Explanation)
Genes make a person more vulnerable in developing OCD, but environmental stress must be experienced in order to trigger the condition.

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16
Q

What does it mean if OCD is polygenic?

A

(Genetic Explanation)

Several genes are involved.

17
Q

What did Taylor (2013) find out about OCD being polygenic?

A

(Genetic Explanation)

Found up to 230 different genes that are involved in OCD.

18
Q

What does it mean if OCD is aetiological heterogenous?

A

(Genetic Explanations)

Different gene combinations lead to the disorder in different individuals.

19
Q

What are the Genetic Explanations for OCD?

A
  • Runs in families
  • Diathesis stress model
  • Polygenetic
  • Aetiological Heterogenous
20
Q

What are the Neural Explanations for OCD?

A
  • Reduction of serotonin
    Mood relevant information cannot be transmitted across nerves.
  • Left parahippocampal gyrus
    Lateral sides of the frontal lobe
21
Q

How can some cases of OCD be explained by a reduction in serotonin?

A
  • If the serotonin system is unable to function properly, it will lead to a reduction of serotonin produced.
  • Serotonin regulates mood, meaning that low serotonin means that the normal transmission of mood-relevant information between neurones does not take place.
22
Q

How does abnormal brain functioning of the lateral sides of the frontal lobes cause OCD?

A

(Neural Explanation)

Associated with decision making

23
Q

How does abnormal brain functioning in the left parahippocampal gyrus cause OCD?

A

Associated with processing unpleasant emotions

24
Q

What does the biological approach to treating OCD involve?

A

Drug Therapy

25
Q

How is drug therapy used to treat OCD?

A
  • Uses antidepressants to increase the levels of serotonin in the brain
26
Q

What are SSRI’s?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (such as fluoxetine)

  • Used to reduce levels of anxiety associated with OCD.
  • They prevent the reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin in the brain which increases its levels in the synapse. Causing serotonin to continuously stimulate the postsynaptic neuron.
27
Q

What is the typical dosage of fluoxitine?

A
  • 20 mg per day, can be increased to 60mg if patient is not responding.
  • Takes 3-4 months for SSRIs to impact upon systems.
28
Q

What are drugs used alongside with to treat OCD?

A
  • CBT
  • This works as drugs reduce the patients emotional symptoms (anxiety, depression etc) so they can engage more effectively with the CBT to challenge their irrational thinking.
29
Q

What are tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Older type of antidepressants that have the same effect on the serotonin system but with severe-side effects.

30
Q

What are the effects of SNRIs?

A

Increase both serotonin and noradrenaline.

31
Q

Who created the criteria of ideal mental health?

A

Jahoda

Psych (29 decks)

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