1) Memory Flashcards
What did Miller(1956) and Jacobs (1887) find out about the capacity of STM?
- M = 7+/-2 items
- J = 9.3 Digits and 7.3 Letters
What did Peterson and Peterson (1959) find out about the duration of STM?
- Lasts less than 30 seconds
- Asked participants to remember consonant trigrams whilst counting backwards.
What did Baddeley (1966) find out about the Coding of STM?
- Coded acoustically
- Participants found it difficult to recall acoustically similar words.
What is the capacity of LTM?
Unlimited
What was the study about the Duration of LTM?
Bahrick et al’s (1975) - Yearbook
- Duration is potentially unlimited
- Participants could remember the names of former classmates with 90% accuracy within 15 years of graduation.
- Declined to 70% after 48 years.
What did Baddeley (1966) find out about the Coding of LTM?
- Coded semantically
- Participants found it harder to distinguish between semantically similar when using their LTM.
- They were unable to put them into the correct order as they had similar meanings.
What are the three memory stores of the MSM?
Sensory Register, STM and LTM
What is the Sensory Register memory store?
Where information is held at from the five senses.
- Large capacity but most is lost as it receives no attention
If we pay attention, info transfers to the STM - Limited duration (milliseconds)
- (Coding) Contains sub stores, iconic (visually coded) and echoic (auditorily coded)
What are the features of the STM memory store?
- Store for immediate tasks
- Limited duration (18 seconds)
- Capacity of 7+/-2
- Coding is acoustic
What are the features of the LTM memory store?
- Duration = potentially unlimited
- Capacity = potentially unlimited
- Coding = semantic
- Information in the LTM can be returned to the STM via retrieval
What does the central executive do?
- Directs info to one of the slave systems
(phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer).
What is the phonological loop?
- Deals with auditory information
There are two parts;
- phonological store (holds the words you hear)
- articulatory process (allows for maintenance rehearsal of acoustic info)
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Used for spatial tasks
and
temporary storage for visual and/or spatial information.
There are two parts;
- The visual cache (stores information about visual items)
- The inner scribe (deals with the spatial relationships and arrangements of objects.
What is the episodic buffer?
- A general store events (both visual and acoustic information).
- Integrates information from the CE, PL and VSS.
- Sends info to the LTM
What does the Working Memory Model involve?
Controlled by the CE , leads into the STM which is split into the PL and VSS, into the EB and then into LTM.
What are the four distinct components of the cognitive interview?
1) Report Everything - insignificant things can act as cues to remembering more information.
2) Reinstating the Context - Interviewee is encouraged to recreated the physical and psychological environment of the incident.
This helps to reduce the effects of context-dependent forgetting.
3) Reverse the Order
- Prevents reporting their expectations of how the event happened and prevents dishonesty.
4) Change the Perspective
- Disrupts the effects of expectation and schema on recall.
What is the difference between the Cognitive Interview and the Enhanced Cognitive Interview?
- Focuses on the social dynamics of the interaction.
- For Example:
The Interviewer needs to know when to establish and relinquish eye contact.
How to minimise anxiety and distractions.
Witness is encouraged to ask-opened ended questions
How can information pass from STM to LTM?
- Through maintenance rehearsal (repetition of information), information will be maintained in this store
- Through elaborative rehearsal (more repetition) info eventually transfers to LTM
What are the two parts of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Visual Cache - information is stored about visual items
Inner Scribe - deals with the spatial relationships and arrangements of objects
What happens in the recall everything stage of the Cognitive Interview?
Insignificant things can act as cues to remembering more information.
What is the Reinstate the Context stage of the Cognitive Interview?
Interviewee is encouraged to recreated the physical and psychological environment of the incident.
This helps to reduce the effects of context-dependent forgetting.
What is the Reverse the Order Stage of the Cognitive Interview?
- Order of events is reverse
- Prevents reporting their expectations of how the event happened and prevents dishonesty.
What is the purpose of the Change the Perspective stage of the Cognitive Interview?
Disrupts the effects of expectation and schema on recall.
Who investigated into the capacity of STM?
Miller(1956) and Jacobs (1887)
Who investigated into the coding of STM and LTM?
Baddeley (1966)
