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3. R: Emergence of Communist dictatorship 1917-1941 > 1. Political authority and gov > Flashcards

1. Political authority and gov Flashcards

1
Q

Maintainence of Bolshevik power:

A
  • Bolshevik power relied on: peace and land redistribution.
  • Peasants + soldiers prioritized these promises, supporting any government fulfilling them.
  • Lenin’s priority was consolidating power, hence the emphasis on peace and land; socialism could follow suit.
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2
Q

Bolshevik view of democracy

A
  • action-oriented; the populace supported those who took decisive action, i.e., through revolution and force.
  • relied on power and revolution; overthrowing an existing order was considered akin to an electoral mandate.
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3
Q

Ideology definition

A

system of ideas and ideals

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4
Q

Role of ideology

A
  • need to preserve power made the Bolsheviks enact/tolerate policies that clashed with endeavours of socialism
  • e.g Decree on Land enhanced tendencies of small scale agricultural holdings; contrary to land nationalisation of a Marxist ideology
  • Lenin = warp Marxism to suit his own needs; suggests he is not committed to a Marxist ideology = Leninism
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5
Q

Lenin and Trotsky believed Bolshevik ssiezure of power would…

A

spark simular revolutions elsewhere in europe.

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6
Q

Trotsky vs Lenin war view.

A
  • Trotsky’s ‘neither peace nor war’- retreating further if necessary while awaiting revolution in west.
  • Lenin pragmatic view, argued for the acceptance of the German terms.
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7
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A
  • Signed 3rd march 1918
  • 1/3 european russia lost
  • 45 million russians lost
  • 75% coal + iron supply taken
  • 3 billion in reps
    = loss of pride, represented step back in spread of marxism
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8
Q

Brest-Litovsk

Importance of treaty

A

established that ‘socialism at home’ would take prioirty over spread of international rev.

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9
Q

Brest-Litovsk

Concequences of treaty

A
  • 1/2 human, industrial + agricultrual resourced of Nic II empire lost.
  • severse grain shortages in city
  • ppl joined anti-Bolshvik forces.
  • 27% farmland lost
  • 26% railway lines lost
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10
Q

Brest-Litovsk

effects of treaty

A
  • helped bring about CW
  • many felt B’s betrayed Russia, opp grew
  • anti-german and anti-B disorder broke out
  • German ambassador to Russia was assassinated by the left SRs and there was fighting between some workers and Bolshevik supporters.
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11
Q

When was Cheka created and what did it confirm?

A

Dec 1917
confirmed Lenin’s conviction that the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ would require the active repression of ‘counter-revolutionary’ enemies

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12
Q

Leadership candidates

A
  • Trotsky
  • Stalin
  • Bukharin
  • Kamenev
  • Zinoviev
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13
Q

What did Trotsky do?

A
  • Organised 1917 coup
  • created Red Army
  • member of Sovnarkom
  • regarded by Lenin as the ‘most able’ man in the Central Committee
  • believed in permanent revolution
  • bourgeois background
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14
Q

Who was Stalin?

A
  • Old Bolshevik but not a senior member
  • member of Sovnarkom
  • general Secretary from 1922
  • positions in Orgburo and Secretariat
  • peasant background
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15
Q

WHo was Burkarin

Who was Burkarin?

A
  • joined Bolsheviks 1906
  • not a senior member until 1922
  • theorist
  • described by Lenin as the ‘golden boy’
  • some support in Moscow among youth
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16
Q

Who was Kamenev?

A
  • Old Bolshevik and close associate of Lenin
  • had opposed timing of October Revolution
  • not a member of Sovnarkom
  • powerbase on Moscow
  • bourgeois background
17
Q

Who was zinoviev?

A
  • Founder member of the Bolshevik party
  • close associate of Lenin (1903-17)
  • joined Kamenev to oppose the timing of the October Revolution
  • not a member of Sovnarkom, powerbase in Leningrad
  • bourgeois background
18
Q

How was Stalin initially perceived within the Party?

A
  • Generally positive
  • loyal + dedicated Bolshevik, part of the party since early days.
  • showed commitment during the 1917 rev + Civil War.
    o trustworthy - Lenin appointed Stalin to key positions.
    o seen as a unifying figure who could bridge divisions within the party
19
Q

How did Stalin build his power base?

A
  • appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party 1922, = gain control over party appointments, gain loyal supporters.
  • Formed temporary alliances with other prominent Bolshevik leaders e.g. Kamenev and Zinoviev to counter balance main rival Trotsky.
  • changed the nature of the party by establishing ideological orthodoxy.
20
Q

How did Stalin manage to ‘knock-out’ his opposition?

A
  • Accused prominent party members, military leaders, and intellectuals of crimes such as conspiring against the state.
  • forced to attend highly publicised show trials + forced to confess – executed or imprisoned.
  • =General Secretary, placed loyal supporters in key positions, limit influences of other contesters.
21
Q

Lenin ruled russia dates?

A

1917-1924

22
Q

Lenin death date

A

21st jan 1924

23
Q

stalin in power dates

A

1928-1953

24
Q

Bolshevik position beginning of 1918?

A
  • little support outside major cities
  • weak military resources
  • country still at war w/ germany
  • industrial production steep decline
25
Q

creation of soviet state

A
  • local soviets sent reps to All-Russian Congress of Soviets. (ARCOS)
  • met June 1917
  • Lenin + other senior B’s argued ARCOS should become basis of new Russian gov.
  • October Revolution formally handed power to ARCOS.
  • ARCOS was too big to meet regularly, elected the Council of People’s Commissars – Sovnarkom, govern Russia on a day-to-day basis.
26
Q

Sovnarkom

A
  • 13 People’s Commissars
  • Chairman = lenin
  • approved by ARCOS
  • lenin refused to shre power + resisted for a gov that included all socialist parties.
  • 25th oct 1917
  • first few months - v little power
  • initially v disorganised e.g. Stalin’s Commissariat was just a desk in the corner of a room.
27
Q

Decree on land

A
  • oct 1917
  • gave peasants the right to take land from the nobility and the Church
  • removed porperty rights from landowners
28
Q

Decree on peace

A

-oct 1917
- committed the new gov to withdrawing from WW1.
- to secure ‘peace w/out annexations and indemnities’

29
Q

Workers decree

A
  • nov 1917
  • established an 8 hour maximum working day and a minimum wage.
30
Q

Decree of workers’ control

A
  • april 1918
  • allowed workers to elect committees to run factories.
31
Q

decree on nationalities

A

promised all minority nations w/in empire to right to have gov of own choice

32
Q

decree on unemp

A

-14th nov 1917
gave insurance to all workers against injury, illness + unemp.

33
Q

press decree

A

1st dec 1917
outlawed all opposition press

34
Q

dissolved Constitutional Democrat Party

A

(Kadets)
leaders arrested 11th dec 1917

35
Q

lenin on education

A
  • removed from hands of church
  • set up Commissariat of Public Education to control and organise state education
36
Q

Positives of decrees

A

Won support for the regime from workers, peasants and soldiers.
It also ended WW1 which gave what Lenin called: breathing space.

37
Q

What happened to consituent assembly?

A
  • elections on 25th nov
  • 47 mil/ 80 mil voted
  • B vote - 23.3%
  • SR’s - 40.4%
  • 5th jan SR leader approved some of B’s decrees
  • 6th jan - Lenin sent red guards into assembly _ dissolved at gunpoint
  • other parties suppressed
  • july 1918 - one party dictatorship in place

3. R: Emergence of Communist dictatorship 1917-1941 (7 decks)

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