1. Molecular Basics

Question 1

how many single bonds, double bonds and triple bonds can Carbon form

Answer 1

single = 4
double = 2
triple + single bond

Question 2

how many single bonds & double bonds can oxygen form

Answer 2

single = 2
double = 1 + 2 pairs of unshared e-

Question 3

how many bonds and what type can Hydrogen form

Answer 3

1 single bond

Question 4

how many single bonds, double bonds and triple bonds can Nitrogen form

Answer 4

single = 3

can also form double or triple bonds depending on the compound

Question 5

what is the valence of carbon

Answer 5

4

Question 6

what is the valence of Oxygen

Answer 6

2

Question 7

what is the valence of hydrogen

Answer 7

1

Question 8

what is the valence of nitrogen

Answer 8

3

Question 9

what is the valence of nitrogen

Answer 9

3

Question 10

what do lewis structures show

Answer 10

all atoms and bonds in molecule

Question 11

what does each bone represent in a lewis structure

Answer 11

represents the sharing of 2 e- between respective atoms

Question 12

what do partially condensed structures show

Answer 12

dont show bonds between C & H, atoms are drawn beside each other

Question 13

what do condensed structures show

Answer 13

dont show any single bonds, only shows structural arrangement of atoms

Question 14

in 3D bond line structures what do wedges represent

Answer 14

group coming out of page towards you

Question 15

in 3D bond line structures what do dashes represent

Question 16

what does a positive charge on an oxygen atom indicate in terms of number of bonds and lone pairs

Answer 16

3 bonds and one lone pair of e-

Question 17

what does a negative charge on an oxygen atom indicate in terms of number of bonds and lone pairs

Answer 17

one bond and 3 lone pairs

Question 18

what does no charge on an oxygen atom indicate in terms of number of bonds and lone pairs

Answer 18

2 bonds and 2 lone pairs

Question 19

what does a positive charge on an nitrogen atom indicate in terms of number of bonds and lone pairs

Answer 19

4 bonds and no lone pairs

Question 20

what does a negative charge on an nitrogen atom indicate in terms of number of bonds and lone pairs

Answer 20

2 bonds and 2 lone pairs

Question 21

what does no charge on an nitrogen atom indicate in terms of number of bonds and lone pairs

Answer 21

3 bonds and one lone pair

Question 22

what are resonance structures used to show

Answer 22

the spread of positive charge, combination of different structures in a linear fashion

Question 23

what are the 3 rules for determining significance of resonance structures (full explanation)

Answer 23

1. structures with minimal charges are more significant than structures with several charges
2. structures that have a full octet of e- on their atoms are more significant than those that do not have a full octet
3. if 2 carbon atoms in a structure have opposite charges, this structure is generally insignificant

Question 24

what are the 3 rules for determining significance of resonance structures (brief summary)

Answer 24

minimal charges, full octet of atoms and doesnt show carbon atoms with opposing charges = significant

Question 25

how many atoms/groups are sp3 orbital carbons connected to

Answer 25

4

Question 26

what is the angle between atoms/groups in a sp3 orbital carbon

Answer 26

109.5 degrees

Question 27

how many atoms/groups are sp2 orbital carbons connected to

Answer 27

3

Question 28

what is the angle between atoms/groups in a sp2 orbital carbon

Answer 28

120 degrees

Question 29

how many atoms/groups are sp orbital carbons connected to

Answer 29

2

Question 30

what is the angle between atoms/groups in a sp orbital carbon

Answer 30

180 degrees

Question 31

what are cis and trans isomers

Answer 31

same molecular formula and same structural formula but the atoms are arranged differently about the C=C double bond