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Music History 2 > 1 - Middle Ages > Flashcards

1 - Middle Ages Flashcards

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1
Q

Monophonic texture

A

Music consisting of a single line of melody

No harmony or accomp.

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2
Q

Polyphonic texture

A

Two or more independent melodic lines heard simultaneously

Aka contrapuntal texture

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3
Q

Modes

A

Scales patterns distinguished by their own unique order of tones and semitones.

Generally referred to by their greek names, dorian etc.

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4
Q

Neumes

A

Earliest form of notation in western music.

Small notations symbols indicated direction of line then used squares on staff for actual pitch

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5
Q

A cappella

A

Latin for in the chapel

Vocal without instrumental accomp.

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6
Q

Plainchant

A

Aka plainsong

Monophonic texture
Modal melodies
Unmeasured prose rhythm

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7
Q

Gregorian chant

A

A form of plainchant named after pope Gregory the great who organized chant repertory and standardized litugy

Latin texts, modal and monophonic
Evolved from hebrew chant tradition
Among earliest forms of notated music in western tradition

Moves by step or narrow leap
Unmeasured rhythym

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8
Q

Syllabic text setting

A

One note for each syllable

Text heard clearly

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9
Q

Neumatic text setting

A

2-4 notes for each syllable

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10
Q

Melismatic text setting

A

Many notes for each syllable

Most elaborate form

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11
Q

Responsorial singing

A

Solo voice alternates with chorus

Verse and respond.

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12
Q

Heterophonic texture

A

Simultaneous variation

Same melody played in more than one way at the same time

Two or more voices

Added voices often improvised.

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13
Q

Gradual

A

4th section of mass proper

Texts usually from psalms

Usually melismatic and responsorial

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14
Q

Organum

A

General term for polyphony based on plainchant
Vocal music in which new melodic lines added to an existing gregorian chant

Early styles mostly per 4,5,8 later styled more varied
Free organum involved wider variety of rhythm and intervals than original

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15
Q

Cantus formus

A

Latin for fixed song

Serves as structural skeleton for new polyphonic piece

Borrowed material, usually from greg. Chant

Originally in lowest voice

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16
Q

Tenor

A

Latin meaning to hold

In polyphonic composition it refers to voice that contains the cantus firmus

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17
Q

Counter tenor

A

High male voice

Falsetto singing

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18
Q

Motet

A

Vocal composition with or without accomp.

Secular or sacred

Usually anon.

Often polytextual

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19
Q

Polytextual motet

A

Two or more texts heard at same time

Characteristic feature of 13th century motet

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20
Q

Ostinato

A

Italian for obstinate, persistent

Rhythmic or melodic pattern repeated for an extended period

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21
Q

Monophonic chanson

A

Grew from troubadour tradition

Flourished in 12th and 13th centuries

Sometimes performed with improvised accomp
Monophonic, modal, usually strophic
Texts often reflected courtly love in age of chivalry

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22
Q

Strophic

A

Song structure where same music is performed for each verse of the poem. Little connection btwn words and music

23
Q

Trouvère

A

French for finder

Aristocratic poet musicians

Sang of courtly love
Lived and worked in NORTH france

24
Q

Troubadour

A

Aristocratic poet musicians that lived and worked in SOUTH france

25
Q

Drone

A

Sustained pitch or lone held notes

Common feature in folk music

26
Q

Psaltery

A

Medieval string instrument

PLUCKED, generally played inside
Trapezoidal wooden box with strings

27
Q

Dulcimer

A

Medieval inst. made of wooden box and gut strings
Strings STRUCK with a small hammer
Played inside

28
Q

Vielle

A

Ancestor of the violin

Played with a bow, indoors

29
Q

Lute

A

Ancestor of guitar

Plucked, fretted

Often used to accomp. Singers, played indoors

30
Q

Rebec

A

Pear shaped, bowed string inst.
played on arm or under chin
Indoor inst.

31
Q

Recorder

A

End blown, different lengths
Finger holes
Remained popular into baroque
Indoors

32
Q

Medieval pipe

A

Ancestor of flute

Had three holes, blown thru mouthpiece

33
Q

Cornetto

A

Outdoor
Ancestor of trumpet
Developed from cow horn , later of wood

34
Q

Crumhorn

A

Outdoor
Double reed
Usually j shaped

35
Q

Sackbut

A

Outdoor
Ancestor of trombone
From french pull-push

36
Q

Shawm

A

Outdoor
Ancestor of oboe, double reed
Middle eastern origin

37
Q

Guitarra moresca

A

Guitar or moorish( north africa)

Strummed

38
Q

Tabor

A

Large cylindrical drum

39
Q

Tambourine

A

Wooden frame with metal disks

Played by striking or shaking

40
Q

Portative organ

A

Portable keyboard
Sound made through pumping bellows
Aka organetto

41
Q

Positive organ

A

Bigger than portative but still portabel

One keyboard no pedals small pipes

42
Q

Regal

A

Ancestor of harmonium

Had small keyboard and reeds instead of pipes

43
Q

Nakers

A

Percussion inst.
Played in pairs
Like small kettle drums

44
Q

Bas

A

French for low, or soft

Indoor inst. dulcimer,luote,psaltery,rbec,recorder,vielle

45
Q

Haut

A

French for high ,volume

Outdoor inst. cornetto,crumhorn,sackbut,shawm

46
Q

Rondeau

A

Popular fixed poetic form used in polyphonic chanson

Four verses with refrain

47
Q

Musica ficta

A

Latin for false music
Performers raised or lowered pitches by a semitone to avoid undesirable intervals

Similar to accidentals

48
Q

Estampie

A

One of earliest medieval dances
Stately in character
Elaborate body movements
Danced by couples

49
Q

Liber usualis

A

contains music and texts if many of chants for RC worship
Latin for “Book of Common Use”
prepared by monks of Benedictine Abbey of Solesmes

50
Q

Middle ages

A

Time assoc with plagues,war,feudal society,black death
RC church had strong influence on all aspects of life incl. music
Poets began using their own language

51
Q

Highlights of music

A

Moved from monophonic to complex polyphonic compositions
Musical notations system developed
Musical range narrow
Unmeasured rhythm of plainchant gradually gave way to a more structured approach

52
Q

Instrumental music

A

Vocal music often notated and performed by well educated monks.
Inst. music often performed by less educated
Chuch saw inst’s as part of secular world
Music not documented because: inst not standardized, not encouraged in church, passed down through oral tradition, too costly
Was used to accomp singers, provide dance music, military campaigns

53
Q

Liber usualis

A

Contains music and texts for many of r.c. Services
Latin for book of common use
Prepared by the monks of benedictine abbey

54
Q

Musica enchiriadis

A

Contains earliest written examples of polyphony
Includes paralell organum with new melodic lines below original chant
Was important milestone in western music

Music History 2 (14 decks)

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