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BIOLOGY PAPER 1 > 1: Key concepts in biology > Flashcards

1: Key concepts in biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of cells?

A

eukaryotic AND prokaryotic

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2
Q

what cells do eukaryotic cells include?

A

animal AND plant cells

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3
Q

what cells do prokaryotic cells include

A

bacteria

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4
Q

what is in an animal cell structure?

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
enzymes
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes

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5
Q

what is in a plant cell structure?

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
enzymes
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
large vacuole
cell wall
chloroplasts

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6
Q

what is in a bacteria cell structure?

A

chromosomes
ribosomes
cell membrane
flagellum

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7
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

contains genetic material that controls the activity of the cell. Genetic material is arranged into chromosomes

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8
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

substance where most of the chemical reactions take place. it contains enzymes that control the reactions

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9
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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10
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A

where respiration takes place

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11
Q

what is the ribosomes?

A

involved in the process of making proteins

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12
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

made of cellulose. supports and strengthens the cell

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13
Q

what is the large vacuole?

A

controls osmosis

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14
Q

what is the chloroplasts?

A

where photosynthesis occours. makes food for the plant. contains chlorophyll

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15
Q

what do bacteria cells NOT have?

A

nucleus

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16
Q

what is a specialised cell?

A

a cell with a structure adapted to their function

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17
Q

specialised cell examples?

A

egg
sperm

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18
Q

what happens during reproduction?

A

the nucleus of an egg cell fuses with the nucleus of a sperm cell to create a fertilised egg which develops into an embryo

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19
Q

are egg and sperm cells haploid or diploid?

A

haploid
contain half the number of chromosomes so together they make the right amount of

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20
Q

how is an egg cell adapted to its function?

A

contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo

after fertilisation its membrane changes structure to stop more sperm entering

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21
Q

how is a sperm cell adapted to its function?

A

has a long tail to swim swifter and easier

contains lots of mitochondria in the middle to provide energy to swim

acrosome contains enzymes to digest membrane of egg

22
Q

what does a microscope do?

A

uses lenses to magnify images

23
Q

resolution meaning?

A

how well a microscope can distinguish between two points that are close together

24
Q

benefits of high resolution?

A

image is clearer
image can be seen with more detail

25
Q

two types of microscopes?

A

light microscope
electron microscope

26
Q

what does a light microscope do?

A

passes light through the specimen

27
Q

what does an electron microscope do?

A

pass electrons through the specimen

28
Q

why is an electron microsoft better?

A

they have a higher magnification and resolution

29
Q

which part of the microscope do you look through?

A

the eyepiece lens

30
Q

which part of the microscope do you put the specimen on?

A

the stage

31
Q

equation for magnification?

A

image size
magnification = —————–
real size

32
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a catalyst made of living things

33
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

substance that increases the speed of a reaction

34
Q

what increases rate of reaction?

A

temperature

35
Q

rate of reaction equation?

A

1000
rate = ———
time

36
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

break down molecules

37
Q

why is it important to break down molecules?

A

so they can be used for growth

38
Q

types of enzymes?

A

carbohydrases
proteases
lipases

39
Q

ehat is glycogen synthase?

A

an enzyme that joins together glucose molecules to create glucogen

40
Q

how are proteins made?

A

joining amino acids together

41
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to low

42
Q

what is active transport?

A

the movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy

43
Q

difference between active transport and osmosis?

A

active transport - moves up concentration

osmosis - moves down concentration

44
Q

percentage change equation?

A

final mass - initial mass
% change = ———————————–
initial mass

45
Q

what is transpiration?

A

the exhalation of water vapour through the stomata

46
Q

how does transpiration work?

A

water travels by osmosis from soil to roots then through the xylem vessel to the cells that need water

47
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

using sunlight to synthesise nutrients from carbon dioxide and water

48
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

water + Co2 –sunlight–> oxygen + glucose

49
Q

what is translocation?

A

movement of sugar in the phloem produced by photosynthesis

50
Q

what are hormones?

A

produced in endocrine glands

a chemical substance carried around in blood to change how cells work

BIOLOGY PAPER 1 (5 decks)

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