5: health and disease

Question 1

what is health?

Answer 1

the state of complete physical and mental wellbeing

good mental wellbeing and the absence of disease

Question 2

what are the two types of disease?

Answer 2

communicable AND non-communicable

Question 3

what is a communicable disease?

Answer 3

diseases that can be spread between individuals

Question 4

communicable disease example?

Answer 4

a cold

Question 5

what is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 5

a disease that cannot be transmitted between individuals

Question 6

non-communicable disease example?

Answer 6

cancer

Question 7

what is a pathogen?

Answer 7

organisms such as: viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists

Question 8

what causes non-communicable diseases?

Answer 8

pathogens

Question 9

what is an STI?

Answer 9

infections that are spread through sexual contact

Question 10

what does HIV do?

Answer 10

infects and kills white blood cells which are important as they are the body’s response to pathogens

Question 11

how is HIV spread?

Answer 11

through bodily fluids

Question 12

what is chlamydia?

Answer 12

a bacterial infection

Question 13

what does STI stand for?

Answer 13

sexually transmitted infection

Question 14

example of a physical barrier against pathogens?

Answer 14

skin
hairs and mucus in nose
cells in bronchi produce mucus

Question 15

example of a chemical barrier against pathogens?

Answer 15

stomach acid
tears in eyes

Question 16

what do white blood cells do?

Answer 16

kill pathogens

produces proteins called antibodies that bind onto the pathogen

Question 17

where are white blood cells?

Answer 17

in blood

Question 18

what is memory lymphocytes?

Answer 18

produced to respond to a foreign antigen
stay in the body for a long time and ‘remember’
same pathogen comes again they recognise it and fight off quicker

Question 19

what is immunisation?

Answer 19

injecting inactive pathogens in the body so they product antibodies to destroy them
the antigens trigger memory lymphocytes

Question 20

steps of testing medicine?

Answer 20

pre-clinical testing:
first tested on human cells and tissue then live animals

clinical testing:
human volunteers test it

first -on healthy humans

second -on those with the illness

third -patients are put into 2 groups, one given the drug and one with a fake to test placebo effect

(patient and doctor dont know which is given)

lastly medical agency has to approve

Question 21

what determines the risk of non-communicable diseases?

Answer 21

lifestyle factors - how well you take care of your body

Question 22

examples of lifestyle factors?

Answer 22

smoking
alcohol
obesity
exercise

Question 23

what is smoking a major risk factor for? and why?

Answer 23

cardiovascular disease

WHY:
nicotine increases heart rate which increases blood pressure which damages artery walls leading to a buildup of fatty deposits that blocks blood flow causing a heart attack or stroke

Question 24

wide range effects of non-communicable diseases?

Answer 24

in areas where there are higher occurrences of non-communicable diseases there is high pressure on resources (hospital beds, money, staff)

Question 25

BMI stands for?

Answer 25

body mass index

Question 26

what is BMI?

Answer 26

a guide to decide wether someone is under, over or healthy weight

Question 27

BMI equation?

Answer 27

mass (kg)
BMI = ——————-
height^2 (m)

Question 28

lifestyle changes to reduce risk of non-communicable diseases?

Answer 28

exercise
healthy eating
quit smoking
drink less (alcohol)