1 joints

Question 1

Gluteal tuberosity

Answer 1

where lower fibers of gluteus maximus attach to the posterior part of the femur

Question 2

linea aspera

Answer 2

where adductor muscles attach to

Question 3

intercondylar fossa

Answer 3

posterior distal femur

ACL PCL insert into it

Question 4

Tibial tuberosity

Answer 4

anterior of tibia

where patellar ligament insert

Question 5

Soleal line

Answer 5

proximal posterior tibia, where soleus attach to

Question 6

iliofemoral ligament

Answer 6

from anterior inferior iliac spine –> bifucates –> insert into the two ends of the intertrochanteric line

limits adduction, lateral rotation and hyperextension

Question 7

pubofemoral ligament

Answer 7

pubic bone to femoral neck

limits hyperabduction

Question 8

Ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 8

ischium –> intertrochanteric line

limits medial rotation

Question 9

Blood supply of femoral neck

Answer 9

medial circumflex femoral artery –> retinacular arteries in synovial fold, lateral circumflex femoral, both from deep femoral artery, obturator artery in ligamentum teres

Question 10

types of femoral fracture

Answer 10

intertrochanteric fracture: good change of healing
subcapital fracture: just beneath the head and at top of neck, elderly, loss of blood supply –> avascular necrosis –> collapse and flattening of the femoral head, no longer fits the acetabulum, osteoarthritis and arthritis pain

Question 11

Anterior cruciate ligament
where
state when knee is extended
function

Answer 11

from anterior tibial spine to the lateral aspect of intercondylar fossa

anterior is the weaker and is most taut when the knee is fully extended, slack when flexed, preventing tibia sliding in front of femur (hyperextension). torn in hyperextension with the tibia medially/internally rotated

Question 12

Meniscus

Answer 12

medial larger, lateral, intercondylar area made of fibrocartilage, avascular, heal poorly (red-red, red-white, white-white), cup-shaped that covers the articular surface of the femur,

1) stabilize the knee joint
2) allow synovial fluid to spread evenly
3) reduce friction and stress on knee joint
4) absorb 1/3 of knee impact load

Question 13

Structures that stabilize the knee joint

Answer 13

lateral and medial collateral ligament
taut when standing, save energy
medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial meniscus!

Question 14

Lateral and medial condyles of femur
which one has a larger area for articulation
which one projects more anteriorly

Answer 14

medial condyle has a larger articular surface

but lateral condyle projects further anteriorly to prevent lateral dislocation of patella

Question 15

What structures prevent lateral and medial patella dislocation?

Answer 15

Lateral: anterior projection of lateral femoral condyle
Medial: vastus medialis insert on medial patella

Question 16

Lock knee joint (flex –> extension)

Answer 16

Knee move from flexed to extended position, articular surface of lateral femoral condyle stops.
Medial rotation follows as the larger medial condyle continues to articulate with the medial meniscus (30 degrees)
lastly, collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments tighten (posterior CL slack) and stabilize the knee joint in extended positions

Question 17

Unlocking of knee

Answer 17

Lateral rotation of femoral condyle on tibial condyle by the contraction of the popliteus muscle

Question 18

posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 18

from posterior intercondylar area of tibia extending anteriorly to medial femoral condyle
Taut when knee is flexed, prevent tibia from sliding backward under femur (hyperflexion)

Question 19

Unhappy triad

Answer 19

extended knee, sport, receive strong impact on the lateral side

1) Anterior cruciate ligamnet (tau when extended) is torn
2) Medial collateral ligament is torn
3) the connected medial meniscus is broken (red-white, white white zone then can’t heal)

Question 20

Housemaids knee

• definition
• symptoms
• who is more vulnerable

Answer 20

Prepatellar bursitis (subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, between the skin and the patella)
more common in males surprisingly haha
if in children, more likely to be caused by infection, weak immune system
Symptoms: difficulty in kneeling and walking and knee flexion, pain, swelling of knee, redness of skin, tender kneecap

Question 21

Clergyman’s knee

Answer 21

Infrapatellar bursitis

Question 22

ankle joint

Answer 22

deep socket made by inferior ends of tibia and fibula articulate with trochlea of talus
compsoed of tibia, fibula and talus
tibia and fibula are bound together by strong tibiofibular ligaments
movement: dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot

Question 23

Talus

-anterior and posterior part stability

Answer 23

anterior part is wider than posterior part
Dorsiflexion – the anterior part of the talus is held in the mortise (socket), and the joint is more stable.
Plantarflexion – the posterior part of the talus is held in the mortise, and the joint is less stable.

Question 24

Transverse tarsal joint + subtalar joint

movement

Answer 24

inversion and eversion (does not happen at the ankle joint)

Question 25

Three arches of the foot

Answer 25

absorb and distribute downward forces from the body through talus during standing and
moving on different surfaces

1) Medial longitudinal arch (fallen medial arch)
2) Lateral longitudinal arch
3) Transverse arch

Question 26

Ligaments that support the arches

Answer 26

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Short plantar ligament
Long plantar ligament
Plantar aponeurosis

Question 27

Lateral ankle

Answer 27

most common ankle injury
when foot forcibly inverted during transfer of weight into the plantar flexed foot
partial or complete tearing of lateral ligaments
unstable ankle joint, great pain, local swelling

Question 28

Lateral ligaments of foot

Answer 28

1) anterior talofibular ligament
2) posterior talofibular ligament
3) calcaneofibular ligament
torn in lateral ankle sprain

Question 29

Medial ligaments of foot

Answer 29

Deltoid ligament
large, strong, and triangular in shape. apex attached above to the
medial malleolus and broad base is attached below to a line that extends from the tuberosity of the navicular bone in front to the medial tubercle of the talus behind.

Question 30

Pott’s fracture

Answer 30

acute sprains of the medial ankle, less common then lateral ankle sprain
medial malleolus fractured when the foot is forcibly everted due to the pull of deltoid ligament,
and if the talus move laterally may fracture the fibula as well