1: introduction to Geology

Question 1

the biosphere includes

Answer 1

all life on earth

Question 2

the atmosphere is a

Answer 2

life giving gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth

Question 3

the oceans make up

Answer 3

95% of the hydrosphere

Question 4

69% of earth’s freshwater is

Answer 4

locked in glaciers

Question 5

the earths crust is made of

Answer 5

continental crust and oceanic crust. mainly comprised of basalt

Question 6

the mantle makes up

Answer 6

82% of earth’s volume

Question 7

the three parts of the upper mantle

Answer 7

lithosphere, asthenosphere, transition zone

Question 8

the most prominent mineral in the mantle is

Answer 8

peridotite

Question 9

the lower mantle ends

Answer 9

at the top of the core

Question 10

the earth’s core is composed of

Answer 10

iron, nickel, alloy, oxygen, silicon, sulfur

Question 11

the outer core is

Answer 11

liquid

Question 12

the inner core is

Answer 12

solid

Question 13

the inner core is made of

Answer 13

solid iron due to immense pressure

Question 14

crystallization is when

Answer 14

magma cools and solidifies inside or outside of earth

Question 15

crystallization produces

Answer 15

igneous rocks

Question 16

weathering is influences by the

Answer 16

atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere

Question 17

the earth’s spheres are

Answer 17

atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere

Question 18

lithification means to

Answer 18

convert into a rock

Question 19

sediment is lithified into a rock when

Answer 19

compacted by the weight layers or cemented as percolating groundwater fills the pores with mineral matter

Question 20

if an igneous rock undergoes weathering and is slowly disintegrated into sediment that is deposited, what rock will it become?

Answer 20

sedimentary

Question 21

if a sedimentary rock is buried in the earth and subjected to great pressures or intense heat, what rock will it become?

Answer 21

metamorphic

Question 22

an igneous rock that solidifies at the surface of the earth has what grain size?

Answer 22

small because the rock cooled quickly

Question 23

an igneous rock that solidifies inside of the earth has what grain size?

Answer 23

big because the rock cooled slowly

Question 24

extrusive

Answer 24

an igneous rock that solidified inside of the earth

Question 25

intrusive

Answer 25

an igneous rock that solidified on the surface of the earth

Question 26

the continental margin

Answer 26

is the portion of seafloor adjacent to major landscapes

Question 27

ocean basins are comprised of

Answer 27

basaltic rock that comprises the oceanic crust

Question 28

the continental margin includes

Answer 28

continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise

Question 29

the flat features of ocean plains are called

Answer 29

abyssal plains

Question 30

the continental rise

Answer 30

is a thick wedge of sediment that moved downslope from the continental shelf and accumulated into the deep ocean floor

Question 31

submerged volcanic structures are called

Answer 31

seamounts

Question 32

seamounts sometimes form in

Answer 32

long, narrow chains

Question 33

the oceanic ridge system consists of layers of

Answer 33

igneous rock that has even fractured and uplifted

Question 34

island arcs are

Answer 34

active mountainous regions composed largely of volcanic rocks and deformed sedimentary rocks

Question 35

examples of island arcs

Answer 35

Japan, new guinea, the philippines