1 - Intro Flashcards
What are the 4 anatomical planes?
Coronal - divides front and back as plane passes parallel to coronal suture of skull
Sagittal - divides left and right with plane parallel to sagittal suture (midline of skull). Median plane passes through midline of body
Transverse/axial - upper and lower. Perpendicular plane to sagittal and coronal. Passes through width (cross section)
Oblique plane - any plane not parallel to the 3 cardinal planes
Proximal/distal?
Proximal is towards the trunk or with the normal direction of flow proximal is upstream distal is away from the trunk or downstream (lymph/veins flow DISTAL to PROXIMAL)q
Ipsilateral and contralateral?
Ipsilateral = same side of the body Contralateral = opposite side of the body
Circumduction vs rotation
Circumduction = Form a circle with combo of flex, abduct, extend and adduct Rotation = turning on a single axis
What is a dermatome?
The area of skin supplied by cutaneous branches of ONE spinal nerve
What is a myotome?
The group of muscles derived from one somite and supplied by a single spinal nerve. Each muscle is supplied by a particular spinal nerve. Myotome = spinal nerve + muscle
Dermatome of the little toe?
S1
Lateral leg and dorsal foot dermatome?
L5
Medial leg dermatome?
L4
Muscles with the same action have the same…
Segmental nerve supply/myotome
What is fascia?
Dense layer of CT that lines and permeates the body and is the first thing under skin. It surrounds muscles/BVs/nerves and groups muscles of similar function into compartments
As they form compartments (similar function, SAME nerve, normally same blood supply) fascia contains and directs the spread of infection or tumours.
How does deep fascia aid in venous return and so blood pressure?
The thick sheet of CT is relatively unyielding so when a muscle contracts and it’s belly expands they compress the veins and act as a venous muscle pump in a single compartment to increase venous return. Valves prevent back flow.
What is compartment syndrome?
Is when you get a build up of pressure in the compartment and as the fascia is unyielding and doesn’t grow fast to accomodate faster growing muscle, the pressure can exceed the arterial pressure so muscles lose their blood supply. They can then become ischemic and die - this will occur before nerve damage.
It can occur in athletes AND in TRAUMA i.e. bone breaks and fluid/blood from in the bone is trapped in the compartment if it is a closed wound and so the pressure increases.
Relieve by cutting the fascia (fasciectomy)
What is the myotome poem?
L2 L3 - lift my knee L3 L4 - kick the door L4 L5 - foot to the sky L4 L5 - extend my thigh L5 S1 - kick my bum S1 S2 - tip toe shoe S2 3 4 - modesty closes the door S5 1 2 - the opposite is true
How many bones in the body and what are the types?
- Long (carry weight and from lever system for movement), flat (scapula - large SA for attachment and protection), irregular (complex and specific for function - vertebra), short (metacarpals - compact and limited motion)
