1. Important People

Question 1

Piaget

Answer 1

Swiss psychologist who created theory of cognitive development to explain the processes by which humans come to perceive, organize knowledge, solve problems and understand the world.

According to this theory, human cognitive development is the product of a consistent, reliable pattern or plan of interaction with the environment, known as a scheme. Schemes are goal-oriented strategies that help the person achieve some intended result.

These schemes are sensorimotor (occurring in infancy and early which, in which reflexes and motor responses are prevalent) and cognitive (based on experience and on mental images, reflecting the person’s ability to develop the use of abstract reasoning and symbolism).

Question 2

Erikson

Answer 2

German psychologist who worked in human psychosocial development theory. Created 8 stages of life.

Question 3

Karen Horney

Answer 3

Disputed penis envy, calling it both inaccurate and demeaning to women. Instead, Horney proposed that men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot give birth to children.

Question 4

Masters & Johnson:

Answer 4

Created sensate focus exercises, which focuses on progressive exercises, begins with non-genital touching only, leads to genital touching. Goal is to receive pleasure without pressure to perform and/or achieve orgasm.

Question 5

Jesse Taft and Virginia Robinson

Answer 5

Started functional theory. They attributed to the School of SW in PA and influenced the work of Mead, Dewey & Rank. This model was presented in contrast to the diagnostic school of thought (which was primarily psychoanalytic).

Question 6

Anna Freud

Answer 6

Started ego psychology

Question 7

Fritz Perls:

Answer 7

Founder of Gestalt theory

Question 8

Mahler:

Answer 8

Founder of object-relations theory

Question 9

Carl Rogers:

Answer 9

Founder of client – centered theory

Question 10

Pincus & Minahan & Garvin:

Answer 10

Founders of systems theory

Question 11

Ackerman

Answer 11

“Father of family therapy.” He primarily used a psychoanalytic approach, insight oriented

Question 12

Satir & Whitaker:

Answer 12

Communications in family therapy.

Mainly experiential (through experience), communication and humanistic, awareness of here and now leading to personal accountability, and increasing patterns of interaction.

Satir focused on communication problems, double bind, faulty communication is caused by low self-esteem, and she was more of a practitioner than a theoretician.

Whitaker mostly operated with unconscious and discussed the transference phenomena. Generally communication family therapist acknowledges that intrapsychic factors can provide a foundation for family problems, but they do not try to interpret these factors.

Family therapists who founded the emphasis in communication patterns and are often referred to as the “Palo Alto” group coming from CA. Strong emphasis on communication theory states that it is impossible to not communicate. Here emphasis is placed on behavior as communication and the communication inconsistencies that can occur.

Question 13

Bowen:

Answer 13

Worked with extended family systems, where rational processes are applied to better understand relationships (current and intergenerational) and to maximize self-differentiation.

Discussed triangulation and the dysfunction can come through several generations. Here the therapist is a coach. Remember, often used in this approach are genograms and ecomaps.

Psychodynamic family therapy: resolution of problems should include intrapsychic exploration & resolution of unconscious object-relationships internalized from early parent-child relationships.

Question 14

Minuchin:

Answer 14

Structural family therapy where behaviors are established through changes in transactional patterns, rather than through insight (action comes before insight).

Treatment seeks to restructure family unit maladaptive transactional patterns.

He believed if you “improve process” that you improve the family.

Techniques often used in this model include: direct confrontation of family behaviors and prescribing the symptom. This model of family therapy is considered best for deriving specific outcomes.

Question 15

Haley:

Answer 15

Strategic family therapy primarily utilizes communication theory, systems theory and behaviorism.

Similar to structural, the emphasis is placed on action rather than insight.

Here the therapist often joins the family and is active in forcing the family to respond differently to situations based on the presence of the therapist and making use of family symptoms to bring about change.

Question 16

Liberman:

Answer 16

Focused on behavior family therapy & social learning theory. Treatment is focused on changing behavior patterns. Here the traditions of behavior modification remain where behavior is maintained by consequences.

Question 17

Albert Bandura:

Answer 17

Focus on motivational needs, drives and impulses and cognitions toward action or change – are not enough. We are social creatures and therefore must take into account social environment - Social Learning theory.

Question 18

Pavlov:

Answer 18

Classical model of conditions: relationship between a stimulus and a response is unlearned or prewired, emphasis on antecedents. (drooling dog)

Question 19

Skinner:

Answer 19

Operant model of conditions: learning and reinforcement, emphasis on consequences. (Rat & treat lever)