1 HUMAN BRAIN

Question 1

Name the three main embryonic divisions of the human brain

Answer 1

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 2

Name the two divisions of the prosencephalon and what their components are

Answer 2

Telencephalon (cerebrum- cortex and basal ganglia)

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and sub thalamus)

Question 3

What binds the frontal lobe

Answer 3

The central sulcus and lateral fissure

Question 4

What binds the parietal lobe

Answer 4

The central sulcus and parietooccipital sulcus and lateral fissure

Question 5

What binds the occipital lobe

Answer 5

Parietooccipital sulcus, pre occipital notch

Question 6

What binds the temporal lobe

Answer 6

Preoccipital notch and lateral fissure

Question 7

Describe the primary visual cortex functional anatomy

Answer 7

Located on either side of the calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe. Organised visuotopically. Most peripheral vision detected at the medial aspect of cortex, midline vision is at the calcerine sulcus.

Question 8

Describe the supplementary visual cortex’s

Answer 8

Inferior to primary visual cortex, involved in colour perception, detection of movement etc.

Question 9

Describe anatomy of primary auditory cortex

Answer 9

Located at the base of the primary somatosensory cortex on the lateral fissure, which it extends into. Also called the Transverse Gyrus of Heschl. Tonotopically organised.

Question 10

Functional roles of the frontal association cortex

Answer 10

Intelligence, personality, behaviour, mood, cognitive function

Question 11

Functional roles of the parietal association cortex

Answer 11

Spatial skills, 3D recognition, shapes, faces, written words, concepts, abstract perception

Question 12

Functional roles of the temporal association cortex

Answer 12

Memory, mood, agression, intelligence

Question 13

Describe the anatomy and function of Wernike’s area and consequence of a lesion affecting it

Answer 13

Located in the superior temporal gyrus inferior to the primary auditory cortex. Role is in speech recognition. Lesion results in fluent aphasia (speech is normal but doesn’t make sense)

Question 14

Describe the anatomy and function of Broca’s area and consequence of a lesion affecting it

Answer 14

Located in the inferior frontal gyrus proximal to prefectural gyrus. Role in motor movements for speech. Lesion in Broca’s causes non-fluent aphasia. Can understand words but can’t get them out.

Question 15

What is the white matter tract that connects Wernike’s and Broca’s

Answer 15

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 16

Describe the anatomy and function of SMGLA AGLA and consequence of a lesion affecting it

Answer 16

Supra marginal language area and angular gyrus language area, in the inferior parietal lobule. Role in understanding written words and in writing.

Question 17

Describe the anatomy and function of Exner’s area and consequence of a lesion affecting it

Answer 17

Located in the middle frontal gyrus. Involved in motor for writing.

Question 18

What is the non-dominant hemisphere associated with

Answer 18

Non-verbal language
Emotional expression of language
Spatial skills
Conceptual understanding
Artistic/ musical skills

Question 19

Lesion in the right hemisphere may result in

Answer 19

Spatial disorientation
Inability to recognise familiar objects
Loss of musical appreciation
Speech lacks emotion
Loss of non-verbal language

Question 20

What are the three main cerebral arteries and where do they branch from

Answer 20

Anterior- internal carotid
Middle- internal carotid
Posterior- posterior communicating and basilar arteries

Question 21

What is the anastomoses of major vessels called in the brain

Answer 21

The circle of Willis

Question 22

What are the functional areas supplied by the anterior cerebral artery

Answer 22

Sensorimotor that govern lower extremities, accessory motor areas that govern upper face and the limbic area key for emotional responses.

Question 23

What are the functional areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery

Answer 23

Sensorimotor areas that govern upper extremities and face. Language areas Broca’s and Wernike’s, and regions key for memory, intelligence and facial recognition.

Question 24

What are the functional areas supplied by the posterior cerebral artery

Answer 24

All visual cortex’s, as well as some regions key to memory/ intelligence in the temporal lobe.