1: HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSION

Question 1

• “Father of Medicine”
• author of Hippocratic Oath
• advocated the examination of urine to diagnose disease

Answer 1

HIPPOCRATES (300 BC)

Question 2

• created a system of pathology through measure of body fluids (four humors e.g. blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) with the Pythagorean theory
• founder of experimental physiology

Answer 2

GALEN (180 AD)

Question 3

• first description of “hematuria” attributed to the failure of kidneys to function properly in filtering the blood

Answer 3

RUFUS OF EPHESUS (50 AD)

Question 4

• devised guidelines for the use of urine as a diagnostic aid

Answer 4

ISAAC JUDAEUS (900 AD)

Question 5

• discovered the circulation of blood
• marked the beginning of a period of mechanical explanations for a variety of functions and processes

Answer 5

WILLIAM HARVEY (1578-1657)

Question 6

• earliest microscopist
• probably the first to use the microscope to investigate the causes of disease

Answer 6

ATHANASIUS KIRCHER (1602–1680)

Question 7

• used the microscope to document the existence of cells

Answer 7

ROBERT HOOKE (1635–1703)

Question 8

• founder of Histology
o studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues
• famous for his investigations on:
o embryology and the histology
o physiology of the glands
o viscera

Answer 8

MARCELLO MALPIGHI (1628–1694)

Question 9

• observed that urine containing protein would form a precipitate when boiled with acetic acid.

Answer 9

FREDERIK DEKKERS (1694)

Question 10

• first to notice the characteristic sweet taste of diabetic urine
• established the principle for the differential diagnosis of “diabetes mellitus” and “diabetes insipidus”

Answer 10

THOMAS WILLIS (1621–1675)

Question 11

• first to perform direct transfusion of blood from one animal to another

Answer 11

RICHARD LOWER (1631–1691)

Question 12

• discovered the cause of coagulation, which he called “coagulable lymph,” also known as fibrinogen

Answer 12

WILLIAM HEWSON (1739–1774)

Question 13

• works include:
o descriptions of the germinal vesicle in the embryo
o description and naming of protoplasm
o discovery of the sudoriferous glands of the skin and their excretory ducts
o numerous descriptions of brain, nerve, and muscle cells

Answer 13

JOHANNES EVANGELISTA PURKINJE (1823)

Question 14

• introduced the concepts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
• discovered partial heat sterilization or Pasteurization
• attenuated vaccines

Answer 14

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822–1895)

Question 15

• discovered the complete life history and sporulation of the anthrax bacillus
• developed a method of obtaining pure cultures of organisms
• played a role in perfecting the method of steam sterilization
• discovered the tubercle bacillus by other special culture and staining methods and formulated a rule for determining the specificity of disease-causing organisms
• discovered Vibrio cholera and recognized its routes of transmission

Answer 15

ROBERT KOCH (1843–1910)

Question 16

• established ward laboratories at Johns Hopkins Hospital, where routine tests were carried out by attending physicians.

Answer 16

SIR WILLIAM OSLER (1898)

Question 17

• discovered methods of antisepsis using carbolic acid.

Answer 17

JOSEPH LISTER (1827–1912)

Question 18

• first to observe the role of calcium salts in the coagulation of blood
• devised a coagulometer to estimate coagulation time

Answer 18

SIR ALMROTH EDWARD WRIGHT

Question 19

• developed many methods of drying and fixing blood smears using heat
• discovered mast cells and saw their granulations using a basic aniline stain
• classified white blood cells into different morphological types
• discovered methylene blue as a bacterial stain

Answer 19

PAUL EHRLICH (1854–1915)

Question 20

• accidentally discovered penicillin

Answer 20

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881–1955)

Question 20

• accidentally discovered penicillin

Answer 20

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING (1881–1955)

Question 21

• developed the bacteriological staining method most widely used today

Answer 21

CHRISTIAN GRAM (1884)

Question 22

• developed the plating technique using double dishes now called Petri dishes

Answer 22

R. J. PETRI (1887)

Question 23

• discovered the antibacterial action prontosil; a derivative of sulfonamide

Answer 23

GERHARD JOHANNES PAUL DOMAGK (1895–1964)

Question 24

• introduced Jaffe’s alkaline picrate method for creatinine • published the first normal values for uric acid, NPN, and protein in blood for assessment of renal function • discovered the Folin Ciocalteau reagent

Answer 24

OTTO FOLIN (1904-1922)

Question 25

• discovered the concept of the human blood types • described the ABO blood group • studied bleeding in newborns and contributed to the discovery of the Rh factor

Answer 25

KARL LANDSTEINER (1868–1943)

Question 26

• edited and published the first textbook of laboratory medicine entitled A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis

Answer 26

JAMES C. TODD (1908)

Question 27

• published “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians,” which included a description of the first formal training course in medical technology

Answer 27

JOHN KOLMER (1918)

Question 28

• first reported the ability to recognize cancer in vaginal smears, thus beginning clinical cytology

Answer 28

G.N. PAPANICOLAOU (1928)

Question 29

• strongly believes that med tech may be traced back in 1550 BC when intestinal parasites were mentioned

Answer 29

VIVIAN HERRICK

Question 30

• wrote a book on Introduction to the profession of Medical Technology

Answer 30

RUTH WILLIAMS

Question 31

• started the first laboratory instruction in 1884

Answer 31

DR. DOUGLAS

Question 32

• published a laboratory guide entitled “Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” in 1908

Answer 32

DR. JAMES TODD

Question 33

• first clinical laboratory was established; University of Pennsylvania William Pepper Laboratory, USA

Answer 33

1896

Question 34

• laboratories began to hired bacteriologists during outbreaks of infectious diseases. • Laboratory technicians/ assistants were trained

Answer 34

1900

Question 35

• Laboratory science was accepted as basis for diagnosis of diseases.

Answer 35

1911

Question 36

• Pennsylvania State, USA enacted law requiring all hospitals to have a clinical laboratory and to employ full time laboratory technicians.

Answer 36

1915

Question 37

• the American College of Surgeons began requiring trained technicians to supervise hospital laboratories.

Answer 37

1920

Question 38

• the first formal recognition of the profession came when a group of 39 physicians laid foundation for the ASCP. • ASCP’s objective is to promote the practice of scientific medicine by a wider application of clinical pathology methods to the diagnosis of disease.

Answer 38

1922

Question 39

• Medical Technology/ CLS became more widely recognized

Answer 39

Between 1928 – 1945

Question 40

• ASCP created a formal program to ensure the competence of lab. Workers through certification

Answer 40

1928

Question 41

• Schools for training lab. Workers were established and ASCP issued first certificate to 400 technicians.

Answer 41

1930

Question 42

• ASCP began to require that applicants meet educational prerequisites

Answer 42

1933

Question 43

• ASCP required a two-year collegiate education and 12 months actual training in the laboratory as preparation for practice.

Answer 43

1940

Question 44

• A standard curriculum was formalized in preparation for a Bachelor of Science degree.

Answer 44

1950

Question 45

• ASCP issued 2,453 certificates and the number of technicians certified each year grew steadily.

Answer 45

1960

Question 46

• 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army in Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila started training high school graduates.

Answer 46

1944

Question 47

• US army left the 26th medical laboratory to the Phil. Department of Health. • Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda of the Manila Health Department set up the Public Health laboratory under the city government of Manila.

Answer 47

1945

Question 48

• PHL – MHD started training lab. Technicians.

Answer 48

1947

Question 49

• PHL offered 6 months training of high-school graduates to become lab Technicians. • PUC offered B.S. Medical Technology

Answer 49

1954

Question 50

• organizational meeting was held at PHL- Manila

Answer 50

September 15, 1963

Question 51

• PAMET had its first convention at FEU Medical Auditorium

Answer 51

September 20, 1964