1 History Flashcards
Described a mastectomy she endured after receiving a
“wine cordial” as her sole anesthetic
Fanny Burney
Summarizes the contribution of anesthesia: “BEFORE
WHOM in all time Surgery was Agony.”
William Thomas Green Morton
In the 16th century, military surgeon ________ became adept at nerve compression as a means of creating anesthesia.
Ambroise Paré
Described the technique of “refrigeration anesthesia” in which snow was placed in parallel lines across the incisional plane such that the surgical site became insensate within minutes. He also have saved numerous lives during an epidemic of diphtheria by performing tracheostomies and inserting trocars to maintain patency of the airway.
Marco Aurelio Severino
Formal manipulation of the psyche to relieve surgical pain was undertaken by 2 French physicians in the late 1820s with hypnosis, then called mesmerism.
Charles Dupotet and Jules Cloquet
In a well-attended demonstration in 1828, ______removed the breast of a 64-year-old patient while she reportedly remained in a calm, mesmeric sleep.
Cloquet
Published the book Numerous Cases of Surgical Operations Without Pain in the Mesmeric State.
Elliotson
He performed the FIRST operation using ETHER anesthesia in England and emarked, “This Yankee dodge beats mesmerism all hollow.”
Robert Liston
A Greek physician from the first century AD, commented on the analgesia of mandragora, a drug prepared from the bark and leaves of the
mandrake plant. (Soporific sponge)
Dioscorides
Prepared as indicated by published reports of the time,
the sponge generally contained _____ and _____—drugs used in modern anesthesia—in varying amounts.
Morphine
Scopolamine
This was an alcohol-based solution of opium first
compounded by Paracelsus in the 16th century.
Laudanum
In the first three decades of the 19th century, in Japan, ________ performed operations under what has been described as general anesthesia
Seisyu Hanaoka
The manuscript “On the Use of Mafutsuto,” the name given to the anesthetic method by Hanaoka, was translated into English. Written by ________, the manuscript details preanesthetic evaluation, the timing of anesthesia, and the proposed duration of surgery.
Hajime Matsuoka
The manuscript stated that care should be taken to ensure that lighting is appropriate; therefore it recommended that operations be performed at NOON.
This drug was was made by heating ammonium nitrate in the presence of iron filings.
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide was first prepared in 1773 by whom?
Joseph Priestley
Priestley prepared and examined several gases, including (6)?
- Nitrous oxide
- Ammonia
- Sulfur dioxide
- Oxygen
- Carbon monoxide
- Carbon dioxide
He opened his Pneumatic Institute close to the small spa of Hotwells, in the city of Bristol, to study the beneficial effects of inhaled gases.
Thomas Beddoes
Who did he hire in 1798 to conduct research projects for the institute.
Humphry Davy
His human experimental results, combined with research on the physical properties of the gas, were published in Nitrous Oxide, a 580-page book published in 1800.
Humphry Davy
He commented that nitrous oxide transiently relieved a severe headache, obliterated a minor headache, and briefly quenched an aggravating toothache.
Humphry Davy
He commented: “As nitrous oxide in its extensive operation appears capable of destroying physical pain, it may probably be used with advantage during surgical operations in which no great effusion of blood takes place.”
Humphry Davy
Coined the term “laughing gas”
Humphry Davy
He used high concentrations of carbon dioxide in his studies on mice and dogs. He searched intentionally for an inhaled anesthetic to relieve pain in his patients.
Henry Hill Hickman
Diethyl ether may have been synthesized by 2 persons
- Arabian philosopher Jabir ibn Hayyan
2. Raymond Lully, a 13thcentury European alchemist
2 people who prepared diethyl ether by distilling sulfuric acid (oil of vitriol) with fortified wine to produce an oleum vitrioli dulce (sweet oil of vitriol).
- Valerius Cordus
2. Paracelsus
He observed that ether caused chickens to fall asleep and awaken unharmed.
Paracelsus
A medical student from Rochester, New York, may have given the first ether anesthetic in January 1842. He administered ether, from a towel, to a young woman.
William E. Clarke
William E. Clarke administered ether, from a towel, to a young woman named?
Hobbie
One of Hobbie’s teeth was then extracted without pain by a dentist named?
Elijah Pope
Two months later, on March 30, 1842, this man administered ether with a towel for surgical anesthesia in Jefferson, Georgia.
Crawford Williamson Long
Was the young man who Crawford Williamson Long administered ether through a towel, was already familiar with ether’s exhilarating effects, for he reported in a certificate that he had previously inhaled it and was fond of its use. He had two small tumors on his neck and was completed and was unaware of the removal of the tumors.
James M. Venable
In determining the first fee for anesthesia and
surgery, Long settled on a charge of?
2.00 USD
One of the first dentists to engender a
solution was? He observed a lecture-exhibition on
nitrous oxide by an itinerant “scientist,” _________, who encouraged members of the audience to inhale a sample of the gas.
Horace Wells
Gardner Quincy Colton
The following day, Colton gave Wells nitrous oxide before a fellow dentist, ________, extracted a tooth. Afterward Wells declared that he had not felt any pain and deemed the experiment a success.
William Riggs
In Boston, this man continued his interest in anesthesia and sought instruction from chemist and physician
________. After learning that ether dropped on the skin provided analgesia, he began experiments with inhaled ether, an agent that proved to be much more versatile than nitrous oxide. Bottles of liquid ether were easily
transported, and the volatility of the drug permitted effective inhalation. The concentrations required for surgical anesthesia were so low that patients did
not become hypoxic when breathing ether vaporized in air.
William Thomas Green Morton
Charles T. Jackson
After anesthetizing a pet dog, Morton became confident of his skills and anesthetized patients with ether in his dental office. Encouraged by his success, Morton sought an invitation to give a public demonstration in the Bullfinch amphitheater of the Massachusetts General Hospital (the site where Wells’ failed demonstration of the efficacy of nitrous oxide as a complete surgical anesthetic was incorrectly also thought to have occurred). Morton secured permission to provide an anesthetic to ________, a patient of surgeon John Collins Warren. Warren planned to excise a vascular lesion from the left side of his neck and was about to proceed when Morton arrived late. He had been delayed because he was obliged to wait for an instrument maker to complete a new inhaler.
Edward Gilbert Abbott
Who said, “Gentlemen, this is no humbug,” after performing a successful surgery under Morton’s anesthesia to a patient named Edward Gilbert Abbott?
John Collins Warren
Morton, wishing to capitalize on his “discovery,” refused to divulge what agent was in his inhaler. Some weeks passed before Morton admitted that the active component of the colored fluid, which he had called “______,” was simple diethyl ether.
Letheon
A debate between Morton, Wells, and Jackson, regarding the ether discovery has subsequently been termed the?
ETHER CONTROVERSY
Was a successful obstetrician in Edinburgh, Scotland,
and among the first to use ether for the relief of labor pain.
James Young Simpson
Dissatisfied with ether, Simpson soon sought a more pleasant, rapid-acting anesthetic. He and his junior associates conducted a bold search by inhaling samples of several volatile chemicals collected for Simpson by British apothecaries. ________ suggested a chemical agent _______, which had first been prepared in 1831. Simpson and his friends inhaled it after dinner at a party in Simpson’s home on the evening of November 4, 1847. They promptly fell unconscious and, when they awoke,
were delighted with their success.
David Waldie
Chloroform
Where did Simpson submitted his first publication?
The Lancet
Simpson argued against the prevailing view, which held that relieving labor pain opposed God’s will. The pain of the parturient was viewed as both a component of punishment and a means of atonement for Original Sin. Less than a year after administering the first anesthesia during childbirth, Simpson addressed these concerns in a pamphlet entitled?
Advanced Against the Employment of Anaesthetic Agents in Midwifery and Surgery and Obstetrics
In it, Simpson recognized the Book of Genesis as
being the root of this sentiment and noted that God promised to relieve the descendants of Adam and Eve of the curse. In addition, Simpson asserted that labor pain was a result of scientific and anatomic causes and not the result of religious condemnation.
Who delivered the last two children of Queen Victoria?
John Snow
What did John Snow use to deliver the children of Queen Victoria?
Chloroform
How did John Snow delivery chloroform to Queen Victoria? This technique was soon termed?
Handkerchief
chloroform à la reine
Whose work approximated the modern concept of minimum alveolar concentration?
John Snow
He anesthetized several species of animals with varying strengths of ether and chloroform to determine the concentration required to prevent reflex movement from sharp stimuli.
Snow published two remarkable books namely?
- On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether (1847)
2. On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics (1858)
How did John Snow die and at what age?
Stroke
45 years old
Was the first Englishman to urge the now-universal practice of thrusting the patient’s jaw forward to overcome obstruction of the upper airway by the tongue.
Joseph Clover
He averted disaster by inserting a small curved cannula of his design through the cricothyroid membrane.
Joseph Clover
The first tracheal tubes were developed for the resuscitation of?
Drowning victims
The first use of elective oral intubation for an anesthetic was undertaken by Scottish surgeon?
William Macewan
Macewan abandoned the practice following a fatality in which a patient had been successfully intubated while awake but the tube became dislodged once the patient was asleep.
Designed a series of metal laryngeal tubes, which he inserted blindly between the vocal cords of children suffering a diphtheritic crisis. Three years later, He designed a second rigid tube with a conical tip that occluded the larynx so effectively that it could be used for artificial ventilation when applied with the bellows and T-piece tube designed by _____?
Joseph O’Dwyer
George Fell
The Fell–O’Dwyer apparatus, as it came to be known, was used during thoracic surgery by?
Rudolph Matas
Who said “The procedure that promises the most benefit in preventing pulmonary collapse in operations on the chest is … the rhythmical maintenance of artificial respiration by a tube in the glottis directly connected with a bellows.”
Rudolph Matas
“Die perorale Intubation,”described techniques of oral and nasal intubation that he performed with flexible metal tubes composed of coiled tubing similar to those now used for the spout of metal gasoline cans.
Franz Kuhn
What did Franz Kuhn applied to the airway for intubation?
Cocaine
Devised the first directvision laryngoscope
Alfred Kirstein
Devised a U-shaped laryngoscope by adding a handgrip that was parallel to the blade.
Chevalier Jackson
Two laryngoscopes that closely resembled modern L-shaped instruments were designed by two American surgeons?
- Henry Janeway
2. George Dorrance
Invented a slender, straight blade with a slight curve near the tip to ease the passage of the tube through the larynx?
Robert Miller
The Macintosh blade, which is placed in the vallecula rather than under the epiglottis, was invented as an incidental result of a?
Tonsillectomy
A technician who constructed the Macintosh blade.
Mr. Richard Salt
Who was the neophyte Magill worked with?
Stanley Rowbotham
Together, Magill and Rowbotham attended casualties
disfigured by severe facial injuries who underwent repeated restorative operations. These procedures required that the surgeon _______, have unrestricted access to the face and airway.
Harold Gillies
They developed techniques of deliberate
nasotracheal intubation. (2)
Ivan Magill
Stanley Rowbotham
Devised an aid to manipulating the catheter tip, during nasotracheal intubations.
Ivan Magill
With the war over, Magill entered civilian practice and set out to develop a wide-bore tube that would resist kinking but be conformable to the contours of the upper airway. While in a hardware store, he found mineralized red rubber tubing that he cut, beveled, and smoothed to produce tubes that clinicians around the world would come to call?
Magill tubes
He began a series of experiments that led to the
introduction of the cuffed tube.
Arthur Guedel
He fashioned cuffs from the rubber of dental dams, condoms, and surgical gloves that were glued onto the outer wall of tubes. Using animal tracheas donated by the family butcher as his model, he considered whether the cuff should be positioned above, below, or at the level of the vocal cords. He recommended that the cuff be positioned just below the vocal cords to seal the airway.
Later recommended that cuffs be constructed of two layers of soft rubber cemented together.
Ralph Waters
To encourage physicians attending a medical convention to use his tracheal techniques, he prepared the first of several “dunked dog” demonstrations. An anesthetized and intubated dog, Guedel’s own pet, “Airway,” was immersed in an aquarium.
Arthur Guedel
After a patient experienced an accidental endobronchial intubation, he reasoned that a very long cuffed tube could be used to isolate the lungs. The dependent lung could be ventilated while the upper lung was being
resected.
Ralph Waters
Arthur Guedel proposed an important modification for chest surgery, the double-cuffed single-lumen tube, which was introduced by?
Emery Rovenstine
The double-lumen tube currently most popular was designed by?
Frank Robertshaw
Robertshaw tubes were first manufactured from mineralized? But are now made of extruded plastic, a technique refined by?
Red rubber
David Sheridan
He was also the first person to embed centimeter markings along the side of tracheal tubes.
David Sheridan
lthough it was known in 1870 that a thread of glass could transmit light along the length of a bronchoscope, this man developed the first flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.
Shigeto Ikeda
He developed the a laryngoscope, whose fiberoptic bundles lie beside a curved blade.
Roger Bullard (Bullard laryngoscope)
A Wu-scope was designed to combine and facilitate visualization and intubation of the trachea in patients with difficult airways.
Tzu-Lang Wu
First recognized the principle of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA)
Dr. A. I. J. “Archie” Brain
Brain provided dental anesthesia via a?
Goldman nasal mask
