1. General Geology Flashcards
What is the principle of uniformitarianism?
The principle that the processes operating in the present have operated in the past at similar rates and intensities.
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
Intrusive rocks form below the Earth’s surface, while extrusive rocks form when magma erupts and cools on the surface.
Define the term ‘lithification.’
The process of turning sediment into rock through compaction and cementation.
What is the Mohs hardness scale used for?
It is used to measure the hardness of minerals by their ability to scratch one another.
What is the difference between a normal fault and a reverse fault?
A normal fault occurs when the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall, while a reverse fault occurs when the hanging wall moves upward.
What is the primary cause of earthquakes?
The primary cause is the sudden release of energy along fault lines due to tectonic plate movements.
What is the hydrologic cycle?
The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, including processes like evaporation, precipitation, and infiltration.
What are the three main types of plate boundaries?
Divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries.
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals, while erosion is the removal and transportation of weathered materials.
What is the geologic time scale?
A system used by geologists to describe the timing and relationships of events in Earth’s history, divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs.
What principle states that sedimentary layers are originally deposited in a horizontal position?
Principle of Original Horizontality
What is the difference between a topographic map and a geologic map?
Topographic maps show elevation changes; geologic maps show rock types and structures.
What is the purpose of GIS in geology?
To analyze spatial data, create maps, and model geological processes.
What are the two main types of remote sensing used in geology?
Passive (e.g., satellite imagery) and Active (e.g., LiDAR, radar).
What is a cross-section in geology?
A vertical slice through the Earth’s surface showing subsurface structures.
