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01. MCM Test 1 > 1. Fundamentals of Biochemical Reactions > Flashcards

1. Fundamentals of Biochemical Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the free energy equation? (dletaG =…)

A

ΔG = ΔG°΄ + RTln(Products / Reactants)

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2
Q

Keq = ?

A

Products over Reactants

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3
Q

deltaG of ATP -> ADP + Pi

A

-7.3 kcal / mol

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4
Q

deltaG of ATP -> AMP +PPi

A

-10.9 kcal / mol

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5
Q

deltaG of PPi -> Pi + Pi

A

-4.0 kcal / mol

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6
Q

Normal pH of blood?

A

pH = 7.37 - 7.43

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7
Q

Kidneys remove H+ from the blood in the form of ____, and reabsorb _____

A

H+ removed as NH4+ HCO3- is reabsorbed

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8
Q

What are the 6 enzyme classes?

A
  1. Oxidoreductases
  2. Trasferases
  3. Isomerases
  4. Lyases
  5. Ligases
  6. Hydrolases
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9
Q

What do Lyases do?

A

Add or remove atoms to or from a double bond.

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10
Q

What do Lygases do?

A

Form C-O, C-S, C-N, or C-C bonds with the hydrolysis of ATP

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11
Q

Metal ions that act as cofactors (5)

A
  1. Copper (Cu)
  2. Iron (Fe)
  3. Magnesium (Mg)
  4. Selenium (Se)
  5. Zinc (Zn)
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12
Q

Optimal temperature for most human enzymes

A

37 degrees celcius

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13
Q

Optimal pH for most human enzymes (range, excludes pepsin)

A

pH between 4-8

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14
Q

Proton pump inhibitors affect what enzyme?

A

H+/K+ ATPase

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15
Q

Where is H+/K+ ATPase found, and what is its function?

A

Found in the Parietal Cells lining the gastric lumen

Pumps H+ into the lumen where it combines with Cl- to become HCL

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16
Q

What disease of the stomach can omeprazole cause, and what are its symptoms?

A

Hypochlorhydria

Symptoms:

  • Reduced absorbtion of nutrients
  • Increased sensitivity to food poisioning
  • Reduction of gastric enzyme efficiency (especially pepsin, gastric amylase, and gastric lipase​)​​​
17
Q

Binding of Noncompetitive vs Uncompetetive inhibitors

A

Noncompetetive:

Binds to either the empty Enzyme or the Enzyme-Substrate complex at a site other than the substrate binding site

Uncompetitive:

Binds to only the Enzyme-Substrate complex at a site other than the binding site.

18
Q

In conceptual terms, what does Km represent?

A

The amount of substrate, in moles, needed to reach 1/2 Vmax

19
Q

Characteristics of Competitive inhibition

A
  • No Effect on Vmax
  • Increase in Km
  • Larger substrate concentration needed to achieve 1/2 Vmax
20
Q

Characteristics of Noncompetitive inhibition

A
  • Decrease in Vmax
  • Km stays the same (the arch moves down)
  • Inhibitor effects cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration. (Vmax is lowered)
21
Q

Characteristics of Uncompetitive inhibition

A
  • Km and Vmax are decreased by the same factor, resulting in paralel LB graphs
22
Q

What is the example given in the slides of a chelating agent?

A

EDTA: Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid

23
Q

Symptoms of lead poisioning?

A
  • Irritability
  • Sideroblastic Anemia
  • Abdominal pain
  • Headaches
24
Q

What two medications are given for lead poisoning?

How do these work?

A
  1. Ca-EDTA
  2. Dimercoprol

Lead likes EDTA more than Calcium does, so it binds preferetially to the EDTA and forms Pb-EDTA, which is excreted out of the body.

Dimercoprol attaches to the regions of enzymes affected by lead that lead would like to attach to - thus slowing the effects of lead toxicity.

25
Q

Enzyme Inactivation resembles which type of inhibiiton?

A

Noncompetitive

Vmax decreases, but Km stays the same.

(There are less enzymes to do the reaction quickly, but affinity stays the same)

26
Q

What are the four enzymatic markers for MI?

A
  1. Troponin (Specifically cTn-I)
  2. CK-MB (Muscle Brain Creatine Kinase)
  3. LDH-1 (Lactate Dehydrogenase)
  4. AST/SGOT1 (Aspartate aminotransferase / Serum Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase)

* Note: These are presented in order from quickest to present to longest to present.

27
Q

When is Troponin the most sensitive for an MI?

A

10-24 hours following MI

28
Q

Enzyme related to the diagnosis of Bone Disease

A

Alkaline phosphatase

The reality is a bit more complex than this, but this enzyme is present in bone, and is freed when there is damage. This enzyme is also a marker for liver disease.

29
Q

Enzymes related to the diagnosis of Obstructive Liver Disease

A

Sobitol Dehydrogenase

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH - 5)

30
Q

Enzyme related to the diagnosis of Prostatic Cancer

A

Acid Phosphatase

31
Q

Enzyme related to the diagnosis of Acute pancreatitis

A

Amylase / Lipase

32
Q

Enzymes related to the diagnosis of Muscular Distrophy

A

Aldolase

Helps convert glucose into energy in muscle cells

ASH

(I have no idea what this is)

33
Q

Enzyme related to the diagnosis of Liver Disorder

A

CK-MM

Creatine Kinase - Muscle

WITH ALSO HAVING HIGH

ALT AST

34
Q

What is the graph shape for Michaelis Menton graphs?

A

Hyperbolic

35
Q

What is the graph shape for Allosteric enzyme kinetics?

A

Sigmoidal

36
Q
A

01. MCM Test 1 (10 decks)

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