1. Final Project - Materials - Finishes Flashcards
plaster vs. stucco
plaster - made up of lime, aggregates of sand, vermiculite or perlite (if lightweight, fire resistant needed), and water;
stucco - made from portland cement, lime, sand, and water; used for exterior applications; also used for backing tiled walls
keene’s cement
a plaster that has a high reistance to abrasion and water penetration
The main source of synthetic gypsum in North America is
flue gas desulfurization
-process whereby power generating plants remove polluting gases from their stacks to reduce emission of harmful materials into the atmosphere
If gypsum is used as a corner brace what 2 addition installation measures must be taken?
1 - must be nailed to stud base
2 - adhesive used
plaster applied to metal lathe
- apply on metal lather; expanded diamond mesh (most common used), paper backed diamond mesh (more rigid, for ceilings), flat ribbed lath, and high rib lathe;
- typically applied in three coats; first coat is scratch coat (1/4 in thick); second coat is brown coat (1/4 in thick); thrid coat is finish coat (1/8 in thick)
- in two coat applications, scratch coat and brown coat are comdined
plaster applied to gypsum board lathe
- special gypsum product design for plastering
- 16 in x 48 in or 48 in x 96 in
- one or two coats of thin veneer plaster are applied over the boards
- veneer plastering reduces labor over the traditonal method because only one coat is needed
gypsum board used for fire resistance is called…
type X
one of the resasons why residential contractors prefer to use wood studs is because
wood studs can be used for load bearing walls
-metal studs can be used for load bearing walls but the steel has to be a heavy enough gage
most common gage for metal studs is
25 gage, 22 gage, and 20 gage
glass reinforced gypsum (GRG)
- also known as fiberglass reinforced gypsum (FRG) and glass fiber reinforced gypsum (GFRG)
- used for decorative elements such as column covers, arches, coffered ceilings, ornate moldings, light troughs, and trim
- can be manufactured in a variety of shapes that would otherwise be too expnsive to achieve with site fabricated lath and plaster
components of paint
vehicle-which is the liquid part of the coating;
has non volatile part called the binder; the volatile part is called the solvent
- binder, along with the body forms the actual film of the coating
- solvent evaporates and dries, leaving the final finish
body-pigmets (if coating is opaque) - most paints is titanium oxide (white)
ideal conditions for applying paint
dry conditions
temperatures between 12-29C
in determining the width and gage of gypsum board framing, the thickness of gypsum is not critical because…
…there is little difference in the weights of 3/8, 1/2. and 5/8 in boards
- the number of layers can affect the total weight
Which paint type would serve best as an anti-graffitti coating?
a. acrylic
b. alkyd
c. oil
d. urethane
d. urethane
It’s a high performance eoating and has superior resistance to abrasion, grease, alcohol, water, and fuels
-it resists the adhesion to graffit
the standardized levels of finish in the gypsum wall board industry refer, among other things, to the
There are six levels of finish. One requirement for these levels is the number of coats of joint compound used.
0,1,2,3,4 and 5
-level 0 requires no taping, finish, or accessories, while level 5 requires 3 coats of joints compound over joints and fastener heads, as well as a final skim coat over the entire surface of the wall
In order to achieve the most uniform, straight-grain appearance in wood paneling, which of the following should be specified?
a. plain slicing
b. rotary slicing
c. quarter slicing
d. half-round slicing
c. quarter slicing
plain slicing - “cathedral appearance”
rotary - most varied grain appearance
half round - moderate amount of pattern
quarter slicing - cuts perpendicular to growth rings
the portion of paint that evaporates or dries is called the…
a. binder
b. pigment
c. solvent
d. vehicle
c. solvent
- the vehicle consists of two parts: the nonvolatile part called the binder; the volatile part called the solvent
- solvent evaporates
Maximum space of control joints in each direction drywall
30’ max
Exterior and below-grade masonry or concrete walls require furring before the application of gypsum to …
eliminate the capillary transfer of water and to minimize condensation within the wall
which of the following edge treatments for gypsum board odes not require finishing with joint compund?
a. LC bead
b. L bead
c. LK bead
d. U bead
d. U bead
U bead is also sometimes called J bead or J metal
Multilayer (multiple drywalls) may be used to improve
sound transmission classification of a wall (STC), or fire-resistance rating.
A mastic adhesive is used to join the two layers, joints staggered
Resilient furring channels are used to
improve sound transmission classification of a wall (STC)
in suspended ceiling with a return air plenum, exposed wiring can sometimes (depending on some codes) be left exposed if
the wiring is used for telephone, computer, low voltage wiring, and signal systems
-and if they have an approved teflon coated covering
seismic restraint for suspended ceilings
- individual light fixtures and other types of equipment that are normally supported by the ceiling grid must be independently supported with wires
- the actual weight of the ceiling systems, including lights and air terminals, should be 2.5 lbs/sq ft
- the ceiling system should not be used to provide lateral support for partition; instead partitions should be braced
- ceiling angles shoul provide at least a 7/8 in ledge, and there must be at least a 3/8 in clearance from the edge of the tile to the wall
- perimeter main runners and cross runners must be prevented from spreading without relying on permanent attachement to the ceiling angle
Lath should not be nailed directly to the underside of joists because …
plaster is subject to cracking due to wood shrinkage.
Suspending the plaster ceiling allows it to move independantly of the roof structure
Can gypsum board be fastened directy to the undersides of joists @ 16” c/c?
Yes
For improved resistance to sound transmission, or if attaching to concrete or steel, resilient furring @ 16” or 24” is used.
two common types of tile
- ceramic: relatvively thin in relation to facial real; made from clay and other mixtures of ceramic material
- ceramic mosaic: formed by either the dust pressed or extrusion method
- dust pressing: uses large presses to shape the tile out of relatively dry clay; extrusion process uses machine to cut tiles from a wetter and more malleable clay extruded though a die
- quarry tile: glazed or unglazed tile made by the extrusion process from natural clay or shale
nonvitreous tile
tile with water absorption of more than 7%
semivitreous tile
tile with water absorption of more than 3 % but not more than 7%
vitreous tile:
tile with water absorption of more than 5 % but nor more than 3%
impervious tile
tile with water absorption of 0.5 % or less
mosaic tile:
tile under 6 sq in
wall tile
tile over 6 sq in
quarry tile
glazed or unglased nonmosaic tile made by the extrusion method
paver tile
glazed or unglazed tile over 6 sq in made by the dust pressed method
classification for tile abrasion
Group I: light residential
Group II: moderate residential
Group III: maximum residential
Group IV: highest abrasion resistance - commercial
When installed wood flooring, this can be found in the perimeter to account for expansion of the wood.
a 3/4 in gap
this gap is concealed by the wood base around the perimeter
when installing wood flooring, what is one advantage of sleepers as opposed to a continuous plywood sub floor?
sleepers offer a more resilient floor underfoot; feels more comfortable
-resilient pads can also be used instead of sleepers; even more resilient than sleepers; often used for dance and gym floors
advantages of laminate flooring
hard, durable, resistant to staining
-can be used in most locations; not recommended for bathrooms
advantages of solid sheet vinyl floorings
color and pattern extend through entire thickness
- very durable, and resistant to indentation and rolling wheeled traffic
- seems can be sealed with heat welding or solvent welding, making it good to use for health care facilities, clean rooms, and industrial flooring
advantages of linoleum
- composed of oxidized linseed oil
- very good abrasion and grease resistance, but limited resistance to alkalis
advantages and disdvantages of cork flooring
- typically used for acoustical control or resilience
- not resitant to staining, moisture, or concentrated foot traffic, or heavy loads
- should only be used above grade
- must be sealed and waxed to protect surface
carpet pitch
number of warp lines of yarn in a 27 inch width
-the higher the pitch and stitch numbers, the denser the carpet
carpet stitch
the number of lengthwise tufts in 1 in
tufting
- most common way of producing carpet
- done by inserting pile yarns through a prewoven backing
- the top of the yarn is then cut off
carpet tufting
carpet materials
- wool:most expensive
- nylon: economical; very strong and water resistant; high stain resistance and easy to clean; appearance is less appealing
- acrylic: moderate durability; more wool-like appearance than nylon; easy maintanance; good crush resistance
- polypropylene: used for indoor - outdoor carpeting; good durability and resistance to abrasion and fading; poor resiliency
why is cushion recommended for carpet installation
- not appropriate for all carpet types
- generally, increases the life of the carpet, provides increased resiliency and comfort, helps sound absorption, lessens impact noise, improves thermal qualities in some situations
carpet cushioning materials
sponge rubber:
felt
urethane
foam rubber
what is the pill test when referring to carpet flamibility
- ASTM D-2859
- known as the methenamine pill test (DOC FF-1)
- methenamine tablite is ignited in the center of a 9 in x 9 in carpet tile
- if carpet burns to within 1 in of the edge of the edge of an 8 in distance from the center, the carpet fails
carpet flammability is regulated in two ways
1) limits carpet’s ability to ignite and sustain a fire
2) limits capret’s flammability when subject to the heat and flame of a fully developed fire
advantages of epoxy paint
used for places than need high resistance to corrosion and chemical
- high resistance to abrasion and strongly adhere to concrete, metal, and wood
- high performance coating
- must be applied by skilled painters
- noxious requires use of ventilation mask
advantages of urethane based paint
- like epoxy, considered high performance
- used for superior resistance to abrasion, grease, alcohol, water, and fuels
- interior applications include clear coverings for wood floros
- exterior applications include pigmented paint for anti graffiti coatings
Which of the following types of wood floors would be least appropriate for a commercial office?
a. block
b. parquet
c. resilient
d. strip
c resilient
relient floors are commonly used for theater stages, dance floors, and gymnasiums
Which of the following flooring types has the highest resilience?
a. asphalt
b. cork
c. linoleum
d. vinyl composition
b. cork
cork’s resilience is similat to that of rubber tile
which of the following statements about veneer stone is FALSE?
a. it can be fabricated 3/8 in thick
b. copper or steel clamps are used to anchor the stone to the substrate
c. only special types of portalnd cement mortar or sealnts should be used in the joints
d. it can be supported on masonry, concrete, steel or wood framing
b. copper or steel clamps are used to anchor the stone to the substrate
only non corrosive metals, such as stainless steel, should be used to anchor stone, both copper and steel would deteriorate over time
which of the following is th emost important consideration in detailing a wood strip floor?
a. flame spread rating
b. expansion space at the perimeter
c. nailing method
d. moisture protection from below
d. moisture protection from below
- moisture is one of the biggest problems with wood floors, and keeping moisture out in the first palce would miimise other problems such as expansion at the perimeter
ceramic mosaic tile in a public shower is best installed over
a full bed of portland cement.
it offers the best water resistance in high use wet areas
on floors subject to deflection, both terrazzo and granite installation should include
a membrane
- a membrane is part of a total assembly that also includes reinforcing and a thick bed of mortar on which the granite is laid or that is part of the terrazzo
- the membrane allows the structural slab to move independently of the finish floorings so that any delfection does not crack the floor
When specifying a a hardowod floor over a concrete slab on grade, which of the following should hte architect also specify ?
a. 3/4 in plywood subflooring and 15# building felt
b. 3.4 in tongue and groove plywood placed over a layer of mastic
c. treated wood sleepers on mastic and a layer of polyurethane vapor barrier
d. 15# building felt
Which floors would you use for thinset and thickset process ceramic application?
Thinset process: concrete slabs and double wood floors (plywood 5/8” subfloor + underlayment 1/2” or 5/8” plywood).
Thickset process: reinforced concrete slabs and plywood subflooring.
A cleavage membrane isolates the mortar bed from unstable backings and allows independant movement. The mortar bed must be reinforced with metal lath (1.25”-2” bed)
for a commercial toilet room, it is best to use what type of tile to withstand moisture and harsh chemical cleaners?
vitreous
nonvitreous - 7%-15% absorption
semivitreous - 3%-7% absorption
vitreous - 0.05% to 3% absorption
impervious - less than 0.05% absorption
What is terrazzo?
A mosaic floor composed of marble (or other stone chips) set in a cementitious or resinous matrix and ground and polished when dry.
Types of ceramic tile application
Thinset process: ceramic tile is bonded to continuous stable backing (gypsum, plywood) with a thin coat of dry-set mertar, latex-portland cement mortar, epoxy mortar or an organic adhesive.
In wet area: glass-fiber reinforced concrete set with latex-portland cement or dry-set mortar.
Thickset process: ceramic tile is applied over a bed of portland cement mortar (thick bed 1” thick). - better for sloping surfaces & water resistance
What is required over concrete floor to receive a wood subfloor / finish flooring?
Treated wood sleepers & vapor barrier
- protect the flooring from dampness when installed on concrete slabs on or below grade.
materials or assemblies with a high NRC generally have a
a. high STC
b. low STC
c. high reverberation time
d. low absorption coefficient
b. low STC
- materials or assemblies with a high NRC generally have a low STC
What are the advantages of ceramic tile? (5)
+ durable
+ dense
+ water resistant
+ easy to clean
+ colours do not fade
What are the advantages of Resilient Flooring?
+ economical
+ dense
+ non-absorbant
+ durable
+ easy to maintain
List some of the most common types of resilient (can restore their shape) floors:
1 - sheet vinyl
2 - vinyl comp. tile
3 - cork tile
4 - cork tile w vinyl coat
5 - rubber tile
6 - linoleum sheet
7 - linoleum tile
Describe these 5 types of carpet:
1 - tufted
2 - woven
3 - knitted
4 - fusion bonded
5 - flocked carpet
6 - needle punched
1 - tufted
• stitch yarn through fabric @ back
2 - woven
• interweave backing /pile yarns in a loom
3 - knitted
• looping the backing, stitching, and pile yarns w 3 sets of needles
4 - fusion bonded
•heat fuse to vinyl back
5 - flocked carpet
• loops of backing/stitching . pile yarns
6 - needle punched
What would the highest quality grade be for SOFTWOOD and HARDWOOD VENEERS?
SOFTWOOD
N - select, smooth surface for natural finishes
HARDWOOD
Premium grade - permits only a few small buts, knots and inconspicuous patches.
