1. Final Project - Materials - Doors, Windows, and Glazing

Question 1

Door Types:

Answer 1

• Wood: most popular, waterproof adhesive exterior, and water resistant adhesives in the interiors
• Flush: solid core or hollow core door
• Panel: wood plywood, glass, or fixed wood lovers, section held in place by stiles or rails

• Steel Flush Doors: faced of painted sheet steel are most common in nonresidential
buildings, permitted to have hollow cores inside, but solid cores are required for outside/fire protection
• Hollow Metal: steel frame covered with sheet metal, and are rigid, permanent, and meet and fire rating
• Metal Clad: Solid wood core covered with sheet metal

• Aluminum: Used in curtain wall/storefront applications, rarely used for fire doors
• Speciality: Lead lined X-ray shielding doors, cold storage doors, bank vault doors

Question 2

glass doors must be tempered. what is tempering

Answer 2

Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the inner surfaces into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards. The granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.

Question 3

Fire doors serve four main purposes:

Answer 3

• Serve as a regular door at all times
• Provide ready egress during a fire
• Keep fire from spreading throughout the building

• Protect life and property

Question 4

Panic hardware:

Answer 4

Push bars are usually 3/4 the width of a door leaf and allow door to unlatch when pressure is applied

Question 5

four basic types of door hinges

Answer 5

full mortise: both leaves fully mortised into abutting surfaces of a door and foorjamb, only the knuckle is visible

half mortise: one leaf mortised into the door and other surface mounted to the door frame

full surface: two leaves surface-mounted to adjacent faces of door & frame

half surface: one leaf mortised into doorframe and other surface-mounted to face of door

Question 6

Ball bearing hinges are requried for

Answer 6

• heavy application doors
• fire rated assemblies
• all doors with closers

Question 7

Rule of thumb for hinge width

Answer 7

width of hinge equals twice the door thickness, plus trim projection, minus 1/2 in

-if the fraction fall between standard sizes, use next larger size

Question 8

back set

Answer 8

the distance fromt he edge of the door to the center line of the doorknob or pivot of a level handle is called the backset

-standard backets are 2 3/4” and 5 in

Question 9

number of hinges are determined by…

Answer 9

height of door

• doors up to 60 in high require two hinges (1pair)
• door 60 in to 90 in require 3
• doors 90 in to 120 in high require 4

Question 10

astragal

Answer 10

vertical members used between double doors to seal the opneing, act as a door stop, or provide extra security when the doors are closed

Question 11

coordinator

Answer 11

• device used for double doors
• mounted in or on the head of the frame, coordinating the closing sequence of the doors so that they close completely, rather than having the leaf with the astragal close first, preventing the other leaf from closing

Question 12

true or false.

flush bolts are allowed on exit doors

Answer 12

false

flush botls are not allowed on exit doors

Question 13

Locking devices:

Answer 13

• Latch
• Dead bolt
• When a bolt is used with a latch: Lock

Question 14

Mortise lockset

Answer 14

• Housed into a mortise cut into the door edge so that locking mechanism is housed
• Lock is concealed except for a faceplate

Question 15

Rim lockset

Answer 15

Question 16

Unit lockset

Answer 16

• Rectangular nothch cut into door
• Integral lock fits into a mortise cut into the edge of door
• Security advantages of mortise lock + economy of cylinder lock

Question 17

Cylindrical lockset

Answer 17

• Housed into 2 holes bored at right angles to each other
• Inexpensive & easy to install

Question 18

Magnetic hold open devices

Answer 18

Question 19

Electronic Bolt

Answer 19

Question 20

Electronic Strike

Answer 20

Question 21

Doors and hardware are higly regulated by the building codes.

Requirements generally fall into 3 major categories:

Answer 21

1) exiting requirements
2) fire rated assemblies
3) access requirements

Question 22

the standard test for doors is …

Answer 22

NFPA 252

Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies

Question 23

When fire doors are closed, they must be secured with an …

Answer 23

Active latch bolt.

-this is to secure the door during a fire, preventing fire and gas pressure from pushing the door open

Question 24

operating devices on doors, including door handles, pulls, latches, and locks, mist be installed on the door a minimum of

Answer 24

34 in

max 48 in AFF

locks used for security purposes only can be installed at any height along the door

Question 25

When glass is installed in a fire door, what kind of glass must it be

Answer 25

wired glass set in metal frames or special fire-protection-rated glass

Question 26

general requirements for a fire door

Answer 26

• fire rated door assembly must have a label attached to door and frame
• a fire door must be self latching
• all hardware must be UL listed
• a fire door must be self closing, codes permit door to be held open if closer is attached to an apporived smoke or fire detector
• a fire door must use steel hinges of ball bearing type
• if double door are used, astragals are required
• glass in fire rated doors must conform to requirements of local code
• louvers must conform to UL requirements for maximum size and construction

Question 27

accessiblity requirements for doors and hardware include:

Answer 27

• mimimum width, clear of hardware of an opened door must be 32 in
• adequate maneuvering clearance in front of and on the latch side of the door to operate it
• there must be a minimum of 48 in between two doors in a series when they are open 90 degrees
• the max opening force required for various types of doors is specified by the code
• handles and latches must have a shape that is easy to grasp and use; usually lever handles and push-pull type mechanism
• thresholds with a change in level may have a vertical edge up to 1/4 in high, but must be beveled with a slope of 1:2 for heights from 1/4 in to 1/2 in

Question 28

Disadvantages of aluminum windows

Answer 28

susceptibility ot galvanic action and its high heat conduction

galvanic action can be minimized ot eliminiated with the proper selection of fasteners and flashing

heat conduction can be minimized with thermal breaks

Question 29

the space in which the door closes in a door frame is called the …

Answer 29

rabbet

Question 30

Which type of lock would be most appropriate for an entry door into an office suite

a. cylindrical lock
b. unit lock
c. mortise lock
d. rim lock

Answer 30

c. mortise lock
- most flexibility in the number of operating functions available and is a very durable type of lockset
- next best would be cylindrical lockset

Question 31

The type of lockset that is most secure is…

Answer 31

mortise locks

-they are most secure because the mechanism is concealed within the leaf of the door

Question 32

Minimum manoeuvring clearances for wheelchair in front of doors

Answer 32

Question 33

Door hand conventions

Answer 33

Question 34

annealed glass

Answer 34

Annealing is a process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed.

Glass which has not been annealed is liable to crack or shatter when subjected to a relatively small temperature change or mechanical shock. Annealing glass is critical to its durability.

Question 35

float glass

Answer 35

• very common
• made by pouring molten glass on a bed of molten tin and slowly cooled, forming a smooth flat surface

Question 36

heat strenghtened glass

Answer 36

• produced by heating glass to about 1100 deg F and slowly cooling
• twice the strength of float glass (annealed)
• used where the surface is subject to solar induced thermal stresses and cyclic windloading

Question 37

glass used when sound control is desired

Answer 37

laminated glass

Question 38

solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)

Answer 38

the ratio of the solar heat gain through a specific fenestration to the solar heat gain through a pane of 1/8 in clear glass under identical conidtions

SHGC is a value between 0.0 and 0.87

Question 39

low iron glass

Answer 39

• reduced amount of iron oxigen which gives light green cast to ordinary float glass
• offers exceptional clarity, optimal light transmission, and excellents color transmission

Question 40

true or false.

Wire glass can be tempered and can qualify as safety glazing for hazardous materials

Answer 40

false.

wire glass cannot be tempered and does not qualify as safety glazing for hazardous locations

Question 41

aside from wire glass, what are the 3 additional types of fire rated glass

Answer 41

1. clear ceramic: higher impact resistance than wire glass; low expansion coefficient
2. special tempered fire protective glass

two or three layers of tempered glass with a clear polymer gel between them; during a fire the gel foams and turns opaque

3. glass block

Question 42

for glass used in fire resistance rated partitions, the IBC differentiates between two types of glazing:

Answer 42

fire-protection rated-glazing : designed to compartmentalize smoke and flames and is subject to application, area and size limitations under the IBC. Up to 45 minutes and cannot exceed 25% of the total wall area because it does not block radiant heat transmission.

fire-resistance rated glazing : Compartmentalizes smoke and flames, and blocks the transmission of radiant heat. 60 minutes and above without the size limitations that apply to fire protective glass.

Question 43

fire-protection-rated-glazing

Answer 43

1/4 in thick wired glass

• must have 45 minute rating and is limited to 1-hour rated fire partition
• limited 25% of the common wall within any room using glazing

Question 44

a slip joint is ued in the head of an aluminum storefornt system to…

Answer 44

accommodate the deflection of the structure

Question 45

which of the following type of glass is the strongest

a. laminated
b. annealed
c. tempered
d. heat strengthened

Answer 45

a. laminated

Laminated glass is deemed strong since it can stand the force of a rock or bullet without shattering and falling off the window or door frame. Its strength can be attributed form the glass layers and the resin used as the interlayer.

Question 46

emergency escape and rescue openeings must be provided in all sleeping areas in residential occupancies.

what are the requirements for such openings

Answer 46

minimum width - 20 in

minimum opening height - 24 in

minimum net clear opening - 5.0 sq ft (ground floor) 5.7 sq ft (upper floors)

maximum sill height - 44 in

-awning windows are not acceptable for emergency use

Question 47

an architect is designing a 10 story building and is analyzing the options for the cladding system. She has determined that the building will have a prefabricated curtain wall made of aluminum with a clariety of glass vision and spandrel panels. Although the structural grid of the building is very regular, to add visual interest to the facade the panels will be a variety of sizes. Which type of curtain wall system woulf be the least desirable choce for this application?

a. stick
b. unit and mullion
c. panel
d. unit

Answer 47

c. panel

a panel system is economical and practical only for structures with large numbers of identical panels

Question 48

Types of windows

Answer 48

Fixed

Casement

Awning & Hopper

Sliding

Double hung

Jalousie

Pivoting

Question 49

Flashing in aluminum windows should be

Answer 49

To avoid galvanic action, anchoring materials & flashing should be aluminum or compatible materials:

stainless steel or galvanized steel

Dissimilar materials should be insulated from direct contact:

waterproof, nonconductive material such as neoprene or coated felt

Contact with concrete and masonry should also be avoided by applying:

bituminous or aluminum paint or zinc chromate primer

Question 50

Wood frames

Answer 50

• thicker than aluminum or steel
• lowest coefficient of heat transfer, does not require thermal breaks
• kiln dried, clear, straight-grain wood, factory-treated with water-repellant preservative
• finishes: stained, painted, primed for painting
• to minimize maintenance, can be clad with vinyl or bonded to acrylic-coated aluminum sections that don’t require painting

Question 51

Steel windows

Answer 51

• more rigid & thinner profile than aluminum
• narrower sightlines and bigger sections of glass can be installed
• lower coefficient of heat transfer than aluminum, does not require thermal breaks
• finishes: galvanized or bonderized and primed for painting, baked acrylic enamel, urethane, PVC finish also available

Question 52

Aluminum window frames

Answer 52

• low in cost
• lightweight
• corrosion resistant
• conductors so synthetic rubber or plastic thermal breaks required
• finishes: anodized, baked enamel, fluoropolymer resin finish

Question 53

Wet glazing

Dry glazing

Structural gaskets

Answer 53

Wet glazing: set glass in window frame with glazing tape or liquid sealant

Dry flazing: setting of a glass in frame with a compression gasket

Structural gaskets: preformed of synthetic rubber to secure glass pane into frame. Held in compression by forcing a keyed locking strip into a groove in the gasket

There should be no direct contact between the glass and the perimeter frame.

Question 54

Insulating glass

Answer 54

Two or + sheets of glass separated by sealed air space.

Air space filled with dehydrated air or inert gas (argon or krypton).

A desiccant (chemical dehumidifier) in the spacer absorbs any moisture.

Question 55

For safety use _____ type of glass

Answer 55

annealed, tempered or laminated

Question 56

For improved thermal efficiency use _____ type of glass

Answer 56

tinted, reflective, or low-emissivity (low-e)

low-emissivity coating reflects much of the incident radiant energy while admitting most of the visible light.

Question 57

Skylights at an angle of 45 or less require…

Answer 57

a curb 4” high min off the surface of the roof

Question 58

column cover and spandrel system

Answer 58

emphasizes the structural module of the building rather than creating its own grid on the facade

• custom design must be created for each project because there is no standard column or floor spacing for buildings
• spaecial care is required in detailing the spandrel panel support of ensure that the panels do not deflect when loads are applied to the spandrel beams

Question 59

panel system

Answer 59

• made up of homogeneous units that are formed from metal sheet
• advantages and disadvantages are similar to unit systems
• but production involves the higher tooling costs of a custom made dies or mold, which is only advantgous for a building requiring a large number of identical parts

Question 60

unit and mullion system

Answer 60

• seldom used today
• offers middle ground between the stick and unit systems

Question 61

unit systems

Answer 61

• takes full advantage of factory assembly
• minimizes on site labor
• units require more space during shipping; require more protection during shipping

Question 62

stick systems

Answer 62

principal components are metal mullions and glass panels

• low shipping bulk
• high degre of adjustability
• must be assembled on site, under high variable conidtions

Question 63

Difference between :

• a tinted glass
• reflective glass
• low-emissivity glass?

Answer 63

• Tinted glass: Has a chemical additive that absorbs some of the radiant heat or visible light that reaches the glass.
• Reflective Glass: Features a thin, metallic, translucent coating that reflects some of the light and radiant heat that reaches it.
• Low emissivity (low E) glass: allows visible light to pass through while reflecting long-wave radiant heat. It acquires its properties by depositing a thin, low-e coating on the glass itself or on a transparent plastic film which is suspended in the sealed air space of the insulating glass.

Question 64

Characteristic of reflective glass?

Answer 64

Has a thin, metallic, translucent coating that reflects some of the light and radiant heat that reaches it