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EXAC EXAM 3 > 1. Final Project - Building Envelope > Flashcards

1. Final Project - Building Envelope Flashcards

1
Q

What properties of a material intended to be exposed to the weather or used in a humid environment should be considered? (2)

A
  1. Water resistance
  2. Water vapor resistance.
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2
Q

What properties of a material that will be used in the construction of the outer envelope should be considered? (2)

A
  1. Conductivity
  2. Thermal resistance
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3
Q

What properties of a material that will be used to finish the surfaces of a room should be considered? (3)

A
  1. Transmission capacity…
  2. Reflection capacity…
  3. Absorptive capacity…

… visible light and radiant heat

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4
Q

Name the 4 factors on which the evaluation of building materials must be based.

A
  1. functional
  2. economical
  3. aesthetic
  4. environmental consequences of their use (life cycle estimation)
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5
Q

What properties determine the durability and maintenance costs of a material?

A
  • The density or hardness of a material determines its resistance to wear and abrasion; the durability of this material and the costs of its maintenance depend on it.
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6
Q

3 broad aspects which impact window performance

A
  • Physical characteristics of window assembly (window as system of elements)
  • Physical interference with the enclosure (component of build. envelope)
  • Effects of windows on quality of indoor space (part of indoor environment)
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7
Q

Function of cap bead & heel bead. What do these components prevent?

A

Cap: keeps rain out

Heel: air tightness (inside joint seal) * prevents air leakage

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8
Q

3 Ways to mitigate condensation on windows.

A
  • Add air space with plastic or glass
  • Circulate warm air towards glass
  • Remove obstructions
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9
Q

4 Ways to mitigate sound transmission in a window system

A
  • Large glazing caps
  • Thicker glass
  • Separate frames / sashes (int / ext)
  • Completely airtight (fixed often perform better than operable)
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10
Q

Functions of films & coatings on windows

A
  • reflect solar heat back out
  • reflect radiant heat back in
  • reduce transmission of UV rays
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11
Q

What type of window frame is best for high rise & commercial & why?

A

Aluminium

they can be designed to meet specific structural requirements

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12
Q

3 Types of strengthened glass - pros & cons

A

1 - FULLY TEMPERED (surface in compression & core in tension)

+ 3-5x more resistant to fail due to bend, impact, heat

  • impact along edge will shatter sheet

2 - HEAT STRENGTHENED (lower level of surface compression compared to fully tempered, same process)

+ stronger than annealed glass & less susceptible to shatter due to edge impact

3 - LAMINATED (bonded together with intermediate layers of plastic)

+ holds together if broken

+ can be used for solar heat control, sound control, bullet-resistance, blast resistance

  • not stronger than regular annealed glass
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13
Q

2 pros / 3 cons of PVC windows

A

+ low maintenance

+ stable in saline / polluted air

  • steel in sash / frame for stability = increased thermal conductivity
  • risk of cohesive failure at the joint
  • limited light tones because of fading, expansion due to direct sun
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14
Q

1 pros / 2 cons of unsealed windows

A

+ no need to be replaced due to condensation

  • cannot accommodate any films, coatings, gases
  • separate sash option typically only available in sliding windows
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15
Q

3 pros / 2 cons of sealed windows

A

+ 2 surfaces to clean rather than 4

+ no condensation between the glass

+ability to incorporate films, coatings, gases

  • metal spacer = thermal bridge (can cause condensation along cold perimeter of glass)
  • deflection due to change in temp. & wind pressure = compression and tension cycle on sealant (can cause failure)
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16
Q

As a point of reference, know the typical R value of single and double glazing (w 5mm air space).

A

single R = .88

double R = 1.61 *Approx

17
Q

List the 5 main forces of moisture transfer in a building envelope.

A
  1. KINETIC ENERGY OF RAIN (impact)
  2. SURFACE TENSION (drip edges)
    • water clings to horizontal(ish) surfaces
  3. CAPILLARY (gaps <5mm)
    • water drawn into permeable materials & small openings (cracks, joints & junctions)
  4. GRAVITY
    • moves rain down surface and into sloped openings (holes cracks flashing)
  5. AIR PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
    • rain driven in direction of lower pressure
18
Q

What are the 4 ‘D’s of preventing rain pentration?

A
  1. deflection
  2. drainage
  3. drying
  4. durability
19
Q

List & describe the 4 main strategies for preventing moisture infiltration.

A
  1. Integral Sills & Drip Edges on Flashings
    • typ. projection of 10mm beyond cladding
    • 25mm may be rqrd
  2. Drainage Holes in Permanent Cladding
    • needs to slowly dissipate/evap water
    • min. 10mm to prevent capillary bridging
  3. Sealants/ Gaskets reduce openings
  4. Joints:
    1. Locked Joints (open)
      • ​​manage gravity driven
      • rqr 10mm overlap
    2. Lapped Joints (closed)
      • ​​rqr 5mm gap btwn to prevent capillary action
20
Q

Describe the 2 lines of defence in a rainscreen system.

A
  1. CLADDING
  2. a DRAINED CAVITY
    • intercept all water that passes cladding
    • dissipate water to exterior:
      • ​evaporation
      • drain via flashing

2.b or WATERPROOF MEMBRANE

21
Q

A rainscreen should also be protected, what are 3 ways to do so?

A
  1. ROOF OVERHANGS
  2. CORNICES
  3. BALCONIES
22
Q

What is the primary purpose of thermal insulation?

A

Control the flow of heat through an exterior assembly.

23
Q

List the 4 most common types of insulation and their r-value per inch of thickness

A

Batt = 3.3 (same fiberglass or rock wool)

Rigid board

= 2.5 (cellular glass)

= 3.6 - 7.2 (the various polys - polyisocyanurate highest)

Foamed in Place

= 6.2 (polyuerethane)

Loose fill

= 2.1 -3.7 (vermiculite to cellulose)

24
Q

The steady state method of measuring thermal resistance of a construction assembly is useful,

but these 4 factor also influence heat/loss gain:

A
  1. Surface colour / reflectivity
  2. Mass (time lag)
  3. Orientation (solar /wind)
  4. Latent Heat (occ. etc)
25
Q

Masonry elements that are bonded together with mortar are stronger in ________________ than wood.
A) shear
B) compression
C) shrinkage
D) bending
E) tension

A

B) compression

26
Q

What are the nominal brick sizes for:
1 - modular
2 - norman
3 - utility

A

1 - modular 100 x 68 x 205 (3.937”x2.677”x8.071”)
2 - norman 100 x 68 x 305 (3.937”x2.677”x12”)
3 - utility 100 x 100 x 305 (3.937”x3.937”x12”)

**nominal brick sizing includes mortar joints

27
Q

What are these 3 types of face brick:
1 - FBX
2 - FBS
3 - FBA

A

1 - FBX = perfect/high degree of uniformity
2 - FBS = wider range of acceptable colour
3 - FBA = desired non-uniformity

28
Q

What is efflorescence?

A

Powdery deposit on face of brick, due to leaching and crystallization of soluble salts within material

Best defence: reduce moisture absorption

29
Q

List and describe the 6 main varieties of brick.

(example: soft mud)

A

1 - SOFT MUD
• form brick w wet clay (20-30% moist)

2 - SANDSTRUCK (matt texture)
• form w form lined w sand to prevent sticking

3 - WATERSTRUCK (smooth dense surface)
•form lubricated w water

4 - STIFF MUD
• extruding stiff but plastic clay (12-15% moist)

5 - DRY PRESS (sharp edge smooth surface)
• form relatively dry clay (5-7% moist)

30
Q

What are brick grades a measure of?

A

Brick grades measure durability when exposed to weathering.

According to: • compressive strength • max H20 absorb • max saturation coefficient

31
Q

What do the 3 brick grades below indicate:
1 - SW
2 - MW
3 - NW

A

These grades indicate suitable weather regions

1 - SW = Severe Weather
(min. comp. str. 2500psi)

2 - MW = Moderate Weather
(min. comp. str. 2200psi)

3 - NW = Negligible Weather
(min. comp. str. 1250psi)

32
Q

In order of highest strength to lowest, list the 3 types of concrete used in concrete masonry units.

A
  • Normal
  • Medium
  • Lightweight
33
Q

What do CMU grades indicate?

A

Suitability for load bearing:
N = Loadbearing below and above grade
S = Loadbearing above grade only

34
Q

How can you identify if CMUs have been manufactured to have a certain moist. content to prevent shrinking & cracking?

A

Type 1 = manufacture to have certain moist content
Type 2 = not manuf. to have cert. moist. content

35
Q

What is the nominal size of a typical CMU block?

A

8 x 8 x 16”

(205 x 205 x 405mm)

EXAC EXAM 3 (14 decks)

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