1. Diabetes Aetiology Flashcards
Roughly how many people are diagnosed with Diabetes per year?
A. 3 Million
B. 4.1 Million
C. 5.3 Million
D. 7 Million
A. 3 Million
Diabetes accounts for what percentage of adult cases?
A. 3%
B. 4%
C. 5%
D. 6%
C. 5 (4.9)%
T2DM Accounts for how many cases in the UK?
A. 55-65%
B. 65-75%
C. 75-85%
D. 85-95%
D. 85-95%
What are some “osmotic” symptoms of Diabetes?
- Polydipsia
- Polyuria
- Nocturia
- Pruritis
- Fatigue
- Weight Loss
- Blurred Vision
- UTI/Genitourinary
What are two main ways of diagnosing Diabetes instantly?
- Incidental Finding
2. Screening someone at high risk
Name two main Acute Emergencies resulting from Diabetes?
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome
2. DKA
What type of complications can Diabetic Patients present with systematically?
- Skin infections (Staph Skin Abscesses, Oral/Genital Candidiasis)
- Foot (Ulcer/Neuropathic Pain)
- Eyes (Retinopathy)
- Acute MI/Stroke
What are the Main Clinical ways of diagnosing Diabetes?
- Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) [Not Capillary Glucose]
- Random Plasma Glucose (RPG)
- 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
- HbA1c
- No symptoms: Needs Two of above or One abnormal OGTT
- Symptoms: Needs One of above
How is the OGTT done?
- Patient fasts for 9+ hours
- Check their FPG
- GIve 75g Glucose (Lucozade)
- Check 2 Hour PG
What is the HbA1c test?
Measures for Average glucose control over 3 months
What is the normal range for HbA1c?
<42 mmol/mol
Though it can vary between individuals depending on Age/Co-morbidities
What is the normal range for HbA1c for those with well controlled Diabetes?
<53 mmol/mol
Generally, what is the Glucose levels of a Normal individual undergoing a FPG?
<6 mmol/L
Generally, what is the 2 hr PG of a Normal individual undergoing a 2 HR PG?
<7.8 mmol/L
Generally, what is the 2 hr PG of a Normal individual undergoing a RPG?
<7.8 mmol/L
Generally, what is the Glucose levels of a Diabetic individual undergoing a FPG?
> 7 mmol/L
Generally, what is the Glucose levels of a Diabetic individual undergoing a 2 HR PG?
> 11.1 mmol/L
Generally, what is the Glucose levels of a Diabetic individual undergoing an RPG?
> 11.1 mmol/L
For those with an impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), what is their HbA1c levels?
42-47 mmol/mol
List 5 differences between T1 and T2DM
Type 1 is
- Ketosis Prone
- Insulin Deficient
- Autoimmune (GAD/ICA Abs)
- Acute Onset
- Non-Obese associated
List 5 Secondary Causes of Diabetes
- Gestational Diabetes
- Pancreatic Disease
- Endocrine Disease
- Genetic Defects of Beta cell function
- Genetic Defects of Insulin action
- Genetic Syndromes
- Infections
- Drugs
List 5 Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas
- Acute/Chronic Pancreatitis
- Trauma/Pancreatectomy
- Neoplasia
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Haemochromatosis /Thalassemia (Iron Overload)
- Fibrocalculous Pancreatopathy
List 6 Endocrine Diseases that could cause Secondary Diabetes
- Acromegaly
- Cushing’s
- Conn’s
- Phaechromocytoma
- Hyperthyroidism
- Glucagonoma
List 5 Drugs that can induce Diabetes
- Glucocorticoids
- Beta Blockers
- Thiazide Diuretics
- Tacrolimus
- Atypical Antipsychotics