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Molecular Cell Biology > (1) Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Molecular Biology > Flashcards

(1) Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Molecular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Genes

A
  • studied by Gregor Mendel

- a pair of inherited factors which are expressed as traits

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2
Q

Allele

A

One gene copy

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3
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an individual

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

Resulting physical appearance based on the genotype

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5
Q

Diploid

A
  • most cells of plants and animals are diploid

- contain two copies of each chromosome

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6
Q

Meiosis

A
  • formation of germ cell

- only one member of each chromosome pair is transmitted to the progeny cell

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7
Q

Haploid

A
  • sperm and egg

- contain one copy of each chromosome

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8
Q

Linked Genes

A

genes located on the same chromosome and are inherited together

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9
Q

What happens during gene segregation process?

A

Two hypothetical genes are located on different chromosomes.

  • Chromosomes segregate independently at meiosis.
  • F1 generation gives rise to 4 different types of gametes
  • F2 generation displays four distinct phenotypes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio
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10
Q

What happens during gene linkage process?

A
  • Two genes are located on the same chromosome
  • genes do not separate from each other at meiosis
  • F1 generation produces only 2 types of gametes
  • F2 generation displays only 2 phenotypes in a 3:1 ration that is characteristic of inheritance of a single gene
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11
Q

How often does a DNA alpha helix turn?

A

3.4 nm.

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12
Q

What is the distance between adjacent bases in DNA?

A

0.34 nm

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13
Q

How is DNA arranged?

A
  • double alpha helix right hand twist

- H bonds are formed between purines and pyrimidines on opposite chains

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14
Q

DNA replication process

A
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15
Q

Semiconservative replication of DNA

A

one strand of parental DNA is conserved in each progeny DNA molecule

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16
Q

DNA polymerase

A

-If DNA is acting as a template, DNA polymerase directed the incorporation of nucleotides into complementary DNA molecule

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17
Q

RNA

A
  • single-stranded
  • ribose sugar base
  • contains uracil (U) not T
18
Q

Protein synthesis pathway

A

-DNA, RNA, Protein

19
Q

Transcription

A

RNA is synthesized from DNA templates

20
Q

Translation

A

Proteins synthesized from RNA

21
Q

RNA polymerase

A

-used in process of messenger RNA synthesis from DNA template

22
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, a component of ribosimes, sites of protein sythesis

23
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA, align amino acids along the mRNA template

24
Q

Retroviruses replication

A

-contain RNA instead of DNA
-viruses encode an enzyme
enzyme catalyzes synthesis of RNA from an RNA of the virus.
-RNA undergoes reverse transcription to form DNA
-DNA is incorporated into chromosomal DNA of host to form a DNA provirus.
-DNA provirus is transcribed to yield progeny virus RNA
-most animals replicate this way

25
Q

Reverse Transcription

A
  • RNA directed synthesis of DNA.

- uses reverse transcriptase

26
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

enzymes that catalyze the RNA-directed DNA synthesis, can be used to generate DNA copies of RNA molecule

27
Q

Restriction endonuclease

A
  • cleave DNA at specific sequences. many are present in bacteria
  • cleave at staggered sites, leave sticky ends that can associate with each other by complementary base pairing
28
Q

EcoRI

A

recognizes sequence GAATTC, makes 5 site cuts

29
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A
  • uses agarose or polyacrylamide gel placed between two electrodes
  • sample is added to gel
  • Nucleic acids are negatively charged so they migrate toward the positive electrode.
  • smaller molecules move through gel more rapidly
  • DNA fragments are seperated by size
30
Q

Molecular cloning

A

DNA fragment of interest is inserted into a DNA molecule vector that is capable of independent repication in a host cell.
-results in recombinant molecule

31
Q

Plasmid vector

A
  • small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently in bacteria
  • have (ori)
  • can carry genes that confer resistance to ABx, so that bacteria carrying plasmids can be selected for
32
Q

How can E.coli be used to replicate human DNA?

A

recombinant plasmids with human DNA inserts can be introduced into E. coli, where they replicate along with the bacteria to yield millions of copies of plasmid DNA

33
Q

DNA ligase

A

can seal ends permanenly of cleaved sections from restriction endonucleases

34
Q

Origin of replication in plasmids

A
  • ori

- The DNA sequence that signals the host DNA polymerase to start replication

35
Q

How can bacteria carrying plasmids be selected for with ABx?

A

Bacteria containing rocombinant plasmid with ABx resistance gene can be plated onto a medium containing ampicillin. Only the ampicillin resistant bacterial colonies will survive. Colonies can be isolated based on their ability to grow in drug-containing medium

36
Q

Transfection

A

introducing cloned DNA into plant and animal cells (gene transfer)

37
Q

Gene transfection into eukaryotic cells

A
  • direct microinjection into nucleus
  • Coprecipitation of DNA with Calcium Phosphate to form small particles that are taken up by the cells.
  • incorporation of DNA into liposomes that fuse with the plasma membrane
  • electroporation
  • cloned genes can also be introduced into germ line of multicellular organisms
38
Q

Transgenic Mice

A

Produced by microinjection of cloned DNA into pronucleus of a fertilized egg. altered eggs are transferred to foster mothers to develop. some offspring are transgenic (chimeric) and have incorporated injected DNA into their genome

39
Q

Embryonic stem (ES) cells

A

-used to get cloned genes into mice

40
Q

Chimeric offspring

A

a mixture of cells that arise from normal and transfected embryonic cells.

Molecular Cell Biology (16 decks)

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