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Molecular Cell Biology > (1) Chapter 1: An overview of cells and cell research > Flashcards

(1) Chapter 1: An overview of cells and cell research Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two types of cells

A

Eukaryote & Prokaryote

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2
Q

Name 5 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryote: no nucleus, diameter is typically 1 um, no cytoplasmic organelles, lower DNA content, single circular DNA molecule.
Eukaryote: (opposite above), multuple linear DNA molecule

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3
Q

Discuss theory of spontaneous formation of macromolecules, start w. Cells

A
  1. All cells descended from single primordial ancestor
  2. 1st cells 3.8 billion years ago
  3. cells probably arose from spontaneous formation of organic molecules
  4. spontaneous polymerization may have helped form macromolecules
  5. Macromolecules must have been able to replicate itself (likly using RNA)
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4
Q

What are two things that RNA can do?

A
  1. Serve as a template

2. catalyze its own replication

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5
Q

Genes

A

segments of DNA that encode proteins or RNA. Functional units of inheritance

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6
Q

Transcription

A

Nucleotide gene sequence is copied into RNA

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7
Q

Translation

A

Nucelotide sequence of RNA codes for an amino acid sequence

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8
Q

Characteristics of Phospholipids

A
  • make up biological membranes
  • amphipathic
  • Hydrocarbon chains (hydrophobic) are connected to a phosphate head (hydrophilic)
  • A bilayer is spontaneously formed when phospholipids are placed in water
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9
Q

List three mechanisms that generate ATP

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. Cellular respiration (oxidative metabolism)
  3. Photosynthesis
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10
Q

What is the full name of ATP?

A

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

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11
Q

Describe general process of Glycolysis

A

-evolved in anaerobic environment of Earth
-Glucose breaks down to lactic acid and 2-ATP are generated.
(All cells carry out glycolysis)

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12
Q

Describe general process of Photosynthesis

A
  • allows cells to harvest energy from sunlight

- uses CO2 and H2O to generate glucose and free oxygen

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13
Q

Discuss the theory behind evolution of the mechanisms for generating ATP

A
  • Evolution order: glycolysis, photosynthesis, oxidative metabolism
  • Glycolysis only produces 2 net ATP, when cells evolved to harness energy from sunlight (cyanobacteria) they no longer needed organic molecules. Cells used H2O and were able to make free O2 available
  • From free O2, evolution of oxidative metabolism arose and a complete breakdown of glucose was possible with a net 36-38 ATP gain
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14
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Prokaryotes, Live in extreme environments

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15
Q

Eubacteria

A

Prokaryotes, large group that lives in a wide range of environment

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16
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Prokaryotes, use photosynthesis, largest & most complex prokaryotes

17
Q

Nucleoid

A

Houses DNA in bacterial cells

  • not surrounded by a membrane
  • DNA is a single circular molecule
18
Q

Nucleus

A
  • largest organelle in eukaryotes
  • Contains linear DNA
  • Site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis
19
Q

Lysosome & Peroxisomes

A

Removes Waste from cells. Has metabolic compartments for the digestion of macromolecules

20
Q

Vacuoles

A

Present in plant cells.

  • storage of nutrients and waste products
  • digestion of macromolecules
21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Rough ER: function to fold & package protein, has ribosomes
  • Smooth ER: functions as storage
  • a network of intracellular membranes extending from the nuclear membrane.
  • present throughout the cytoplasm
  • protein and lipid synthesis
22
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • Sorts proteins for transport to their final destinations
  • lipid synthesis site
  • synthesis of some cell wall polysaccharides for plants
23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Network of protein filaments that is present throughout cytoplasm
  • Functions: 1.Provides structural framework; 2. determines cell shape and organization; 3. involved in movement of cells, chromosomes, and organelles
24
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Eukaryotic cells are thought to have risen this way.

  • prokaryotic cells lived inside ancestors of eukaryotes
  • Mitochodria and Chloroplasts give strong support to theory
25
Q

Describe how mitochondria and chlorplasts support the endosymbiosis theory

A
  • Similar size to bacteria
  • reproduce by dividing in two (like bacteria)
  • Self containment of DNA which encodes for some of their components
  • When organelles divide the DNA is replicated and genes are transcribed within organelle & translated on organelle ribosomes
  • ribosomes & ribosomal DNA are more closely related to bacteria
26
Q

Simple Eukaryotes

A
  • many are unicellular

- simplest eukaryote = yeast

27
Q

Volvox

A

A multicelluar algae that is though to represent an evolutionary transition from single cells to multicelluar organism

28
Q

Dictyostelium discoideum

A
  • Demonstrates transition to multicellularity

- This amoeba can alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms depending on food available

29
Q

3 main tissues of plants

A
  1. Ground Tissue
  2. Dermal Tissue
  3. Vascular Tissue
30
Q

Ground tissue

A

a. Parenchyma cells- the site of metabolic reactions such as photosynthesis
b. Collenchyma and Schlerenchyma: provide structural support with thick cell walls

31
Q

Dermal Plant tissue

A
  • covers surface of plant
  • forms protective coat
  • allows for nutrient absorption
32
Q

Vascular Plant tissue

A

(Xylem and phloem)

  • elongated cells
  • transport nutrients and H2O through plant
33
Q

Animal tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Blood
  4. Nervous tissue
  5. Muscle
34
Q

Give function and description of epithelial cells

A
  • Form sheets that cover surface of the body & line internal organs.
  • (protection, and nutrient absorbance)
35
Q

GIve function and examples of Connective Tissue

A
  • Loose connective tissue is formed by fibroblasts

- ex) bone, cartilage, adipose tissue

36
Q

What is nervous tissue composed of?

A

-supporting cells, nerve cells, neurons, various sensory cells

37
Q

What is the function of muscle cells?

A

Production of force and movement

38
Q

What are the (main) types of cells that blood contains

A
  1. RBC: Erythtocytes-transport oxygen

2. WBC: a)granulocytes, b)monocytes, c)macrophages, d)lymphocytes- immune response and inflammatory reaction

Molecular Cell Biology (16 decks)

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