1. brain names and body Flashcards
what are two systems used for communication within the body
- nervous system
- endocrine system
what are all the 6 nervous systems
- peripheral NS
- Central NS (brain and spinal cord)
- autonomic NS
- Somatic NS
- Sympathetic NS
- Parasympathetic NS
Peripheral NS
Connects the brain and spinal cord with rest of the body
- made out of neurons and Glial cells
- same function as central
- only anatomical difference
Central NS
- made of neurons and glial cells
- protected by bones and cerebrospinal fluid
- brain + spinal cord
contains
gray matter: bunch of neurons
white matter: myelinated axons
Autonomic NS
- regulates body's internal environment is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions: - heart rate - digestion - respiratory rate - pupillary response urination and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
Somatic NS
- regulates body interactions with external environment
- main function: connect the central nervous system to the body’s muscles to control voluntary movements and reflex arcs.
Sympathetic NS
- psychological arousal
- mobilizes energy
- expenditure of energy reserves
- increasing heartbeat
“fight or flight” response
Parasympathetic NS
- psychological relaxation
- stop,
- conserves energy
increase in digestion
neuron
a cell in the nervous system with function of getting info and passing it to other cells (gland and muscle cells e.g)
3 types of neurons
- sensory neurons (from senses to brain)
- motor neurons (from brain to muscles
- interneurons (send messages between neurons )
afferent vs. efferent neurons
afferent = bring info into structure efferent= send info away
forebrain- basal ganglia clinical importance
- damage can affect planning and directing movement (e.g parkinson’s disease)
forebrain - thalamus
send motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of sleep, consciousness, and alertness—rather like a hub of information flow from the senses to the cortex
forebrain- hypothalamus
link with the endocrine system
It regulates many fundamental programs such as keeping the body temperature, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. The hypothalamus also plays an important role in emotion
- very smol
midbrain - tectum
- roof of the brain
- bumps on side
- superior colliculus (vision)
- inferior colliculus (hearing)
midbrain - Tegmentum
substantia nigra (movement) gives rise to dopamine
- allows ppl to get ready to move
- damage leads to things like parkinson’s and tics
hindbrain - cerebellum
plays role in movement such as timing, coordination of new movement patterns)
- plays role in cognition
- damage can cause damage and keep balance and attention
hindbrain - pons
plays role in sleeping and arousal
- above medulla
- connects left hemisphere with right actions of the body and vice versa
hindbrain - medulla oblongtata
- connects head to organs through cranial nerves
- controls our reflexes like coughing, breathing, vomiting
- vital functions such as breathing, swallowing, blood circulation
axon
- passing signals over long distance
The axon carries signals (electric voltages) between the dendrites (the neuron’s input sites) and the axon terminal (the neuron’s output sites that are at the very end of the axon). - The signal always travels in the same direction - the signal comes into the neuron through the dendrites, through the cell body (soma), to the axon, and then out the terminal buttons to the dendrites of the next neuron. In this way information travels all around your body by going from neuron to neuron.
axon branches
passing signals in different directions.
An Axon Terminal is the very end of a branch of a nerve’s axon, a long slender nerve fiber that conducts electrical signals to a nerve synapse (the gap between nerve cells). The signal then moves across the synapse to another axon by means of a neurotransmitter (an electrochemical substance).
cell body (soma)
The cell body integrates information from the dendrites and other synaptic inputs in determining the messages to be transmitted to other cells through its axon. The cell body also contains a number of specialized substructures: its nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
cell nucleus
a collection of neurons that are thought to work together in performing certain functions. For example, the nucleus accumbens consists of a large number of distinct neurons, but together these neurons are thought to play an important role in processing rewarding experiences.
dendrite
Dendrites are tree-like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body. These tiny protrusions receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the soma. Dendrites are also covered with synapses.
presynaptic terminal
specialized area within the axon of the presynaptic cell that contains neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane-bound spheres called synaptic vesicles (as well as a number of other supporting structures and organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic
damage to spinal cord
- paralysis
- brain loses motor control in a specific part of the body
cerebral spinal fluid
- protect the brain
- cushion
afferent
- from the world to the body
- sensory info to NS
efferent
- motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement.
- autonomic NS composed of efferent nerves
- both present in autonomic and somatic NS
clusters of cell bodies and bundles of axons different names for CNS and PNS
in CNS clusters of cell bodies are called nuclei and bundle of axons called tracts
PNS cell bodies called ganglia and bundles of axons called nerves
myelin / myelin sheath
- fatty thangs around the axon
- protect axon
- insulate so electric signals go through
- helps the transmitting go faster
- jump from one lil salchicha to the next
midbrain whole function
sensory and movement functions
cerebral cortex (forebrain)
covers the cerebral hemispheres
limbic system
It regulates autonomic or endocrine function in response to emotional stimuli and also is involved in reinforcing behavior . The limbic system is composed of four main parts: the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus.
- four Fs
4 parts of the limbic system
- amygdala: evaluates emotional info
- hippocampus: memory
- hypothalamus: motivation, control of eating (rats experiment olds and Milner)
- thalamus
hypothalamus
endocrine and pituitary gland
- It synthesizes and secretes neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and circadian cycles.
optic chiasm
The optic nerve from each eye merges just below the brain at a point called the optic chiasm. … At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the left side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the right side of the brain.
prefrontal cortex
- middle
- The prefrontal cortex helps people set and achieve goals. It receives input from multiple regions of the brain to process information and adapts accordingly. The prefrontal cortex contributes to a wide variety of executive functions, including: Focusing one’s attention.
- brain finishes developing at around 25
lobotomy
- A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, are severed.
l lobe to rest of brain or body? - apathy, memory disorders, easily distracted
temperal lobe
responsible for memories and understanding and language
damage to it:
tumors can cause audio or visual hallucinations
not being able to show fear l in a normal way
- a lot with motor stuff
parietal lobe
The parietal lobe has a number of different functions: it is the primary cortical area for somatic sensation, the sense of touch and limb position; it associates somatosensory, visual and auditory activity for the analysis of space and the transmission of spatial information to the motor system.
- damage: sensory and vision problems and leftside neglect (when u cant see or feel anything on affected side)
occipital lobe
The primary visual cortex is located here and thus the occipital lobe is considered the visual center of the brain.
what part of brain is overly active with ppl with anxiety
the amygdala
neuron - nucleus
- located in the soma
- oval shaped membrane
- includes nucleolus and chromosomes
sensory neurons
info from sense to the brain
motor neuron
passing info from brain to muscles
interneurons
info passing between neurons
question ?
Central and Peripheral: ← differences in the names!
C: nuclei(cell body) and tracts(branches of axons)
P: ganglia(cell body) and nerves(branches of axons)
structures in the hindbrain
medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum
damage: lose balance and get clumsier
structures in the midbrain
- tectum
- tegmenutm
basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.
structures in the forebrain
telencephalon - lymbic system - basal ganglia - hippocampus - amygdala dicephalon - thalamus - hypothalamus
parietal lobe
sensory function of touch
tectum
responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
tegmentum
motor skills
