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Bio & Neuropsychology > 1. brain names and body > Flashcards

1. brain names and body Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are two systems used for communication within the body

A
  • nervous system

- endocrine system

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2
Q

what are all the 6 nervous systems

A
  • peripheral NS
  • Central NS (brain and spinal cord)
  • autonomic NS
  • Somatic NS
  • Sympathetic NS
  • Parasympathetic NS
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3
Q

Peripheral NS

A

Connects the brain and spinal cord with rest of the body

  • made out of neurons and Glial cells
  • same function as central
  • only anatomical difference
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4
Q

Central NS

A
  • made of neurons and glial cells
  • protected by bones and cerebrospinal fluid
  • brain + spinal cord
    contains
    gray matter: bunch of neurons
    white matter: myelinated axons
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5
Q

Autonomic NS

A 
- regulates body's internal environment
is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions: 
- heart rate
- digestion
- respiratory rate
- pupillary response
 urination
and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
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6
Q

Somatic NS

A
  • regulates body interactions with external environment
  • main function: connect the central nervous system to the body’s muscles to control voluntary movements and reflex arcs.
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7
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • psychological arousal
  • mobilizes energy
  • expenditure of energy reserves
  • increasing heartbeat
    “fight or flight” response
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8
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • psychological relaxation
  • stop,
  • conserves energy
    increase in digestion
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9
Q

neuron

A

a cell in the nervous system with function of getting info and passing it to other cells (gland and muscle cells e.g)

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10
Q

3 types of neurons

A
  • sensory neurons (from senses to brain)
  • motor neurons (from brain to muscles
  • interneurons (send messages between neurons )
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11
Q

afferent vs. efferent neurons

A 
afferent = bring info into structure
efferent= send info away
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12
Q

forebrain- basal ganglia clinical importance

A
  • damage can affect planning and directing movement (e.g parkinson’s disease)
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13
Q

forebrain - thalamus

A

send motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of sleep, consciousness, and alertness—rather like a hub of information flow from the senses to the cortex

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14
Q

forebrain- hypothalamus

A

link with the endocrine system
It regulates many fundamental programs such as keeping the body temperature, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. The hypothalamus also plays an important role in emotion
- very smol

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15
Q

midbrain - tectum

A
  • roof of the brain
  • bumps on side
  • superior colliculus (vision)
  • inferior colliculus (hearing)
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16
Q

midbrain - Tegmentum

A

substantia nigra (movement) gives rise to dopamine

  • allows ppl to get ready to move
  • damage leads to things like parkinson’s and tics
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17
Q

hindbrain - cerebellum

A

plays role in movement such as timing, coordination of new movement patterns)

  • plays role in cognition
  • damage can cause damage and keep balance and attention
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18
Q

hindbrain - pons

A

plays role in sleeping and arousal

  • above medulla
  • connects left hemisphere with right actions of the body and vice versa
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19
Q

hindbrain - medulla oblongtata

A
  • connects head to organs through cranial nerves
  • controls our reflexes like coughing, breathing, vomiting
  • vital functions such as breathing, swallowing, blood circulation
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20
Q

axon

A
  • passing signals over long distance
    The axon carries signals (electric voltages) between the dendrites (the neuron’s input sites) and the axon terminal (the neuron’s output sites that are at the very end of the axon).
  • The signal always travels in the same direction - the signal comes into the neuron through the dendrites, through the cell body (soma), to the axon, and then out the terminal buttons to the dendrites of the next neuron. In this way information travels all around your body by going from neuron to neuron.
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21
Q

axon branches

A

passing signals in different directions.
An Axon Terminal is the very end of a branch of a nerve’s axon, a long slender nerve fiber that conducts electrical signals to a nerve synapse (the gap between nerve cells). The signal then moves across the synapse to another axon by means of a neurotransmitter (an electrochemical substance).

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22
Q

cell body (soma)

A

The cell body integrates information from the dendrites and other synaptic inputs in determining the messages to be transmitted to other cells through its axon. The cell body also contains a number of specialized substructures: its nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

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23
Q

cell nucleus

A

a collection of neurons that are thought to work together in performing certain functions. For example, the nucleus accumbens consists of a large number of distinct neurons, but together these neurons are thought to play an important role in processing rewarding experiences.

24
Q

dendrite

A

Dendrites are tree-like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help increase the surface area of the cell body. These tiny protrusions receive information from other neurons and transmit electrical stimulation to the soma. Dendrites are also covered with synapses.

25
Q

presynaptic terminal

A

specialized area within the axon of the presynaptic cell that contains neurotransmitters enclosed in small membrane-bound spheres called synaptic vesicles (as well as a number of other supporting structures and organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic

26
Q

damage to spinal cord

A
  • paralysis

- brain loses motor control in a specific part of the body

27
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A
  • protect the brain

- cushion

28
Q

afferent

A
  • from the world to the body

- sensory info to NS

29
Q

efferent

A
  • motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement.
  • autonomic NS composed of efferent nerves
  • both present in autonomic and somatic NS
30
Q

clusters of cell bodies and bundles of axons different names for CNS and PNS

A

in CNS clusters of cell bodies are called nuclei and bundle of axons called tracts

PNS cell bodies called ganglia and bundles of axons called nerves

31
Q

myelin / myelin sheath

A
  • fatty thangs around the axon
  • protect axon
  • insulate so electric signals go through
  • helps the transmitting go faster
  • jump from one lil salchicha to the next
32
Q

midbrain whole function

A

sensory and movement functions

33
Q

cerebral cortex (forebrain)

A

covers the cerebral hemispheres

34
Q

limbic system

A

It regulates autonomic or endocrine function in response to emotional stimuli and also is involved in reinforcing behavior . The limbic system is composed of four main parts: the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus.
- four Fs

35
Q

4 parts of the limbic system

A
  1. amygdala: evaluates emotional info
  2. hippocampus: memory
  3. hypothalamus: motivation, control of eating (rats experiment olds and Milner)
  4. thalamus
36
Q

hypothalamus

A

endocrine and pituitary gland
- It synthesizes and secretes neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and circadian cycles.

37
Q

optic chiasm

A

The optic nerve from each eye merges just below the brain at a point called the optic chiasm. … At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the left side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the right side of the brain.

38
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • middle
  • The prefrontal cortex helps people set and achieve goals. It receives input from multiple regions of the brain to process information and adapts accordingly. The prefrontal cortex contributes to a wide variety of executive functions, including: Focusing one’s attention.
  • brain finishes developing at around 25
39
Q

lobotomy

A
  • A lobotomy, or leucotomy, is a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal cortex. Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, are severed.
    l lobe to rest of brain or body?
  • apathy, memory disorders, easily distracted
40
Q

temperal lobe

A

responsible for memories and understanding and language
damage to it:
tumors can cause audio or visual hallucinations
not being able to show fear l in a normal way
- a lot with motor stuff

41
Q

parietal lobe

A

The parietal lobe has a number of different functions: it is the primary cortical area for somatic sensation, the sense of touch and limb position; it associates somatosensory, visual and auditory activity for the analysis of space and the transmission of spatial information to the motor system.
- damage: sensory and vision problems and leftside neglect (when u cant see or feel anything on affected side)

42
Q

occipital lobe

A

The primary visual cortex is located here and thus the occipital lobe is considered the visual center of the brain.

43
Q

what part of brain is overly active with ppl with anxiety

A

the amygdala

44
Q

neuron - nucleus

A
  • located in the soma
  • oval shaped membrane
  • includes nucleolus and chromosomes
45
Q

sensory neurons

A

info from sense to the brain

46
Q

motor neuron

A

passing info from brain to muscles

47
Q

interneurons

A

info passing between neurons

48
Q

question ?

A

Central and Peripheral: ← differences in the names!
C: nuclei(cell body) and tracts(branches of axons)
P: ganglia(cell body) and nerves(branches of axons)

49
Q

structures in the hindbrain

A

medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum
damage: lose balance and get clumsier

50
Q

structures in the midbrain

A
  • tectum

- tegmenutm

51
Q

basal ganglia

A

The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.

52
Q

structures in the forebrain

A 
telencephalon
- lymbic system
- basal ganglia 
- hippocampus 
- amygdala
dicephalon 
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
53
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory function of touch

54
Q

tectum

A

responsible for auditory and visual reflexes

55
Q

tegmentum

A

motor skills

Bio & Neuropsychology (7 decks)

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