1. Biological Molecules - Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 2 examples of amino acids?

A

L-Histidine and L-Isoleucine

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2
Q

Describe the structure of an amino acid?

A

-Carboxyl group COOH
-Amino group NH2
-Different R groups

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3
Q

How are peptide bonds formed?

A

Due to a condensation reaction, where the carboxyl group of one amino acid joins to the amino group of another amino acid.

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4
Q

What chemical property does a polar R group have?

A

Hydrophilic

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5
Q

What chemical property does a non-polar R group have?

A

Hydrophobic

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6
Q

What chemical property does a positively charged R group have?

A

Hydrophilic

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7
Q

What chemical property does a negatively charged R group have?

A

Hydrophilic

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8
Q

What are the typical secondary structures?

A

α-helices and β-pleated sheets

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9
Q

How do secondary structures form?

A

As a result of hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amino residues

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10
Q

How do tertiary structures fold into their complex, specific shapes?

A

Due to intermolecular forces between different types of bonds in R groups

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11
Q

What are the 4 different kinds of bonds which create intermolecular forces to hold together tertiary structures?

A

-Hydrogen bonds
-Ionic forces
-Disulfide bridges
-London forces

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12
Q

What do hydrogen bonds form between?

A

Polar R groups

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13
Q

What do ionic forces form between?

A

Positive and negative R groups

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14
Q

What are disulfide bridges?

A

Covalent bonds between cysteine R groups

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15
Q

What do London forces form between?

A

Non-polar R groups

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16
Q

What are the two groups of structures?

A

Globular and fibrous.

17
Q

Give 3 broad examples of globular structured proteins:

A

-Enzymes
-Signalling molecules
-Transport molecules

18
Q

Give one broad example of a fibrous structured protein:

A

Structural molecules

19
Q

Give one specific example of a globular protein:

A

Haemoglobin

20
Q

Give one specific example of a fibrous protein:

A

Collagen

21
Q

What structure does haemoglobin have?

A

A quaternary structure

22
Q

What structure does collagen have?

A

Quaternary structure

23
Q

How many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin have? What do these consist of?

A

-4 polypeptide chains
-2 α-subunits
-2 β-subunits

24
Q

How many polypeptide chains does collagen have?

A

3 polypeptide chains

25
Q

What additional group do quaternary structures contain?

A

Non-amino acid derived groups known as prosthetic groups.

26
Q

How many prosthetic groups does haemoglobin have?

A

4 heme prosthetic groups

27
Q

Give 4 examples of what prosthetic groups can be formed from:

A

-Metal ions
-Methyl groups
-Phosphate groups
-Vitamins