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A Level Biology > 1. Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

1. Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 common monosaccharides?

A

-Glucose
-Galactose
-Fructose

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2
Q

What forms a glycosidic bond?

A

A condensation reaction

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3
Q

What is maltose made from?

A

α-glucose + α-glucose

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4
Q

What is sucrose made from?

A

α-glucose + α-fructose

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5
Q

What is lactose made from?

A

α-glucose + β-galactose

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6
Q

What is the difference between α-glucose and β-glucose?

A

α-glucose has the OH groups in line, β-glucose has the OH groups diagonal

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7
Q

What causes the colour change in a benedicts test?

A

Blue to brick red indicates electrons have been donated to the Cu2+ ions in benedicts solution.

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8
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A sugar that donates electrons.

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9
Q

How do you test for reducing sugars?

A

-Add benedicts to solution
-Heat in a water bath at 80C for 5 minute
-Record colour change

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10
Q

How do you test for non-reducing sugars?

A

-Add HCl to solution and swirl to mix
-Place in a water bath at 80C for 5 minutes
-Remove and allow to cool
-Add 2 spatulas of sodium hydrogencarbonate
Add benedicts
-Place back in water bath for 5 minutes
-Record colour change

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11
Q

What are the non-reducing sugars?

A

Sucrose and lactose

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12
Q

What is released during a condensation reaction?

A

A water molecule

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13
Q

What 2 things happen during a condensation reaction?

A

-A water molecule is released
-A new covalent bond is formed

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14
Q

What 2 things happen during a hydrolysis reaction?

A

-Water molecule is used
-A new covalent bond is broken

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15
Q

What are 3 polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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16
Q

What is starch made from?

A

α-glucose

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17
Q

What is glycogen made from?

A

α-glucose

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18
Q

What is cellulose made from?

A

β-glucose

19
Q

Is starch branched or unbranched?

A

Both.

20
Q

What is starch’s branched structure called?

A

Amylopectin

21
Q

What is starch’s unbranched structure called?

A

Amylose

22
Q

Which glycosidic bond(s) does starch contain?

A

Both 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

23
Q

What is starch in regards to it having an unbranched structure?

What is the benefit of this?

A

Coiled - meaning it can be compact and store a lot of energy.

24
Q

What forms when starch is hydrolysed?

A

α-glucose

25
Q

What does a branched structure of starch mean?

A

It means more enzymes can act upon it, allowing lots of glucose to be released quickly.

26
Q

Which glycosidic bond does amylose have?

A

1-4 glycosidic bond

27
Q

Which glycosidic bond does amylopectin contain?

A

1-4 and occasional 1-6 glycosidic bonds

28
Q

What are the percentages of each starch structure in starch?

A

-20% amylose
-80% amylopectin

29
Q

What is a 1-4 glycosidic bond?

A

A bond between carbon 1 and carbon 4.

30
Q

Which carbohydrate is the energy store in plants?

A

Starch

31
Q

Which carbohydrate is the energy store in animals and fungi?

A

Glycogen

32
Q

What is the difference between starch and glycogen?

A

Glycogen does not have amylose or amylopectin, instead just a branched and unbranched structure.

33
Q

What is cellulose the polymer of?

A

β-glucose

34
Q

What does cellulose consist of (structure wise)?

A

Straight, unbranched chains which run parallel to one another.

35
Q

Which glycosidic bond(s) does cellulose contain?

A

Only 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

36
Q

Give 5 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule:

A

-Insoluble - doesn’t affect w.p of cell
-Unbranched, coiled, compact
-Polymer of α-glucose
-Highly branched - fast breakdown and release of glucose
-Large molecule - can not diffuse out of cell easily

37
Q

What forms between adjacent cellulose chains, in turn forming what?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent chains, forming microfibrils.

38
Q

What are microfibrils?

A

They are the strong fibres that are made of many cellulose chains that are held together by hydrogen bonds.

39
Q

What is the benefit of a carbohydrate being a polymer of α-glucose?

A

Can provide respiratory substrate.

40
Q

What is the structure of amylose and what does this mean?

A

It’s helical, so compact and more can be stored in cell.

41
Q

What is the function of the spherical (unbranched) structure of glycogen?

A

Compact, so more can be stored in cell.

42
Q

What is the function of the branched structure of glycogen?

A

Can be hydrolysed more rapidly.

43
Q

What is the function of the hydrochloric acid in a non-reducing sugars test?

A

To break the glycosidic bonds.

44
Q

What is added to the sample after the HCl in a non-reducing sugars test?

Why?

A

Sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to neutralise the sample.

A Level Biology (3 decks)

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